George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay -- essays research pa

It has always been mans dream to see and understand the future in an attempt to restore himself for events which will eventually unfold. This hope is the premise for futuristic novels bid George Orwells 1984, which, step by step, moves through the life of a rebellious citizen trapped in a world of deceit and propaganda. Very few people have been exposed to such a treacherous environment as Oceania, where Winston, the main char bender, resides. Therefore, it was prerequisite for the author to interject certain literary devices to allow for the ability to better relate to a character in Winstons situation. To accomplish this, Orwell utilizes the theme of individuation versus tyranny, foreshadowing, and irony, in order to fully extract all possible motives behind Winstons actions.Many countries, such as the United States, are founded on principles of individuality rule over tyranny, more specifically, the freedom of choice. However, in the futuristic Oceania, run by Big Brother, s uch freedom and individuality is, for the most part, completely suspended. To act impulsively, or choose to oppose Big Brother, is a thoughtcrime of dire consequence. This is the basis behind the Inner Partys control of Oceania. Winston however, from the commencement of the novel, showed that he was not willing to conform to such a tyrannical society. From his writing DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER in his diary as the novel opened, to his relationship with Julia, which was considered sexcrime in Oceania, Winston proved his thoughts were antiparallel to those of the Inner Party. The fact that Winston was so ready to rebel was quite courageous in that he knew people who opposed The Party, or were to educated, like Syme, were vaporized. The members of the Inner Party recognized the abilities of an educated man to see through the propaganda of Oceania, and would therefore tolerate nothing but ignorance. Winston, however, continued to oppose the state, and commited, in many an(prenominal) ways, both thoughtcrime and sexcrime. He joined the Brotherhood, run by Oceanias first public enemy, Goldstein, and even reads a book published by the man. This action follows Winstons open attempt to befriend OBrien in a society which would not condone such outward behavior. The reasoning behind the condemnation of experience was that it was believed that friendship could lead to alliances that would threate... ...at such a situation could actually become a reality where that mere thought of a situation could bear vaporization. though the United States has remained a society based around choice, the antithesis of the fictional Oceania, it cannot be denied, that as technology gains more and more influence over common lives, the decease of choice by misused technology becomes more and more realistic. Orwell uses literary devices like foreshadowing, themes, and irony to constitute a world he invented in 1948. though the overall mechanics of Oceania are false, many of the inventions and b eliefs put forth by the novel, have come to exist. Between computers, mind-control experiments, and the overproduction of technological propaganda, the purpose of Orwells novel, a forewarning of possibilities facilitating in societys inability to control the monsters it creates, is well served. Society must continually advance, for the health and survival of civilization. But, as evidenced by a common hope that no situation similar to that of Oceania occurs, this continuous advance must be made with continuos knowledge and restraint, in order to hold open a way of life society to often takes for granted.

The Wilderness in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing, Mary Austin’s Land of Li

The Wilderness in Margaret Atwoods Surfacing, Mary Austins Land of Little Rain, and Gary Snyders The Practice of the WildJourneys into the state of nature test far more than the physical boundaries of the human traveler. Twentieth century wilderness authors run for beyond the traditional travel-tour approach where nature is an external diversion from everyday behavior. Instead, nature becomes a catalyst for knowing our internal wilderness and our universal connections to whole living things. In Margaret Atwoods Surfacing, Mary Austins Land of Little Rain, and Gary Snyders The Practice of the Wild, nature mirrors each bank clerk what the narrators ultimately capture in the wilderness reflects what needs they bring to it. Their points of view, expectations, and awareness all determine their experiences of the wild and self. Ultimately, however, each work reveals that the experience of nature need not be restricted only to self-discovery, but may well expand to an understanding of the spiritual family self. Atwoods psychological novel describes the return journey by its narrator from a self-centered, urban existence to the Canadian wilderness of her youth, where she finds the meaning of family and her role in it. Though not overtly psychological, Mary Austins fierce devotion to the life and people of her desert community suggests these have become replacements for her own, unsuccessful attempts at conventional family life. Finally, Gary Snyders kinship with nature exemplifies a life integrated in all aspectsa union that merges the practical, psychological, and spiritual into what may be called the cosmic family. Birth of Family Margaret Atwoods Surfacing describes the heroine/narrators phy... ...our experiences the make of our consciousness. This progress resolves issues of the self and ones individual past, heals our psychic pain, and releases us from powerlessness and fear. By accepting the wilderness in ourselves we will understand th e wilderness in each other and our connectedness. Nature functions as catalyst, as guide, as test, as teacher. Then opening the spiritual window to grace, we ultimately realize the mishap of being fully human. References Atwood, Margaret. Surfacing (New York Fawcett Crest, 1972). Austin, Mary. Stories from the Country of Lost Borders. Ed. Marjorie Pryse (New Brunswick Rutgers UP, 1987). Pryse, Marjorie. Introduction to Stories from the Country of Lost Borders by Mary Austin. (New Brunswick Rutgers UP, 1987). Snyder, Gary. The Practice of the Wild (San Francisco North Point Press, 1990).

George Orwell’s Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

What is George Orwells message in Animal call down, and how does he usetwo of the animal characters in the novel to present his policy-makingviews?In this book George Orwell has tried to put a political view into thestory. This political view is that Communist ideas can non workwithout using un exactlyified power, also that political systems can easilybe corrupted by power-hungry people. George Orwell uses animals inthis clever allegory to represent humans. Two main characters ofAnimal Farm are Napoleon and Boxer. Napoleon acts like a dictatorand leads the leaven and animals. He has power over the animals so theyhave no freedom, so frequently so, that they cant rebel against him if theywanted to. Boxer an idealistic follower for Napoleon he willsacrifice anything for the farm and the other animals. Boxer believeseverything that he is told by Napoleon and cannot see that Napoleon isa corrupt drawing card.As soon as Old Major had died Napoleon took his place as the leader ofthe A nimals, and so he controlled them after the rebellion againsthumans. At first he was a fair leader and treated the animals kindly,or so they thought.The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others.This shows that the pigs were lazy and demanding from the beginningwhen they started to run the farm, and it wasnt that they grewpower-hungry, they already were.The animals started to realise that the pigs were not doing any work.The majority thought there moldiness be an excellent reason for them notdoing any work.We pigs are the brain-workers. The whole management and organization of the farm depends on usAfter hearing this, the animals tacit that they were there to dothe hard work, but they thought that was because they couldnt run thefarm as well as the pigs. They did not mind lying to the animals andnot doing any work while the other animals are.Napoleon knew that there was a chance that the animals might rebelagainst him so when 9 puppies were born on the farm he took them totrain as his bodyguards.As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothersAfter the animals knew what he was doing, even if they did disagreewith what he was doing could not do anything about it even if thewanted to either because they were not strong enough or that they wereto scared. So this meant that Napoleon could do whatever he wanted to,just like a dictator.The only animal threatening Napoleons place in power was Snowball, so

What do you want for Christmas Essay -- Essays Papers

What do you want for Christmas Attention holi solar day shoppers, dont miss your opportunity to have your picture taken with Santa and his Elves. And today only Macys special holiday sale Think back to last year. For the Holidays what did you give and what did you seize? I can almost guarantee you that for the gifts you bought you either spent long hours searching a department store or long hours racking your brain for what to buy. The perfect gift, where can I get it? And how much will it cost? Why is it that we cant just tell someone how much we care? Corporations in our society have lay such an emphasis on finding the perfect gift that we can no longer settle, for homemade toys. As a child what is it that you actually agnize? Is it the meaning of the holiday or what the holiday brings to you? I can recall as a child running down the stairs to peek at what Santa had brought me. According to my religion, Christmas was meant to be a celebration for the birth of Jesus. Inst ead it has become a commercial holiday based upon how much we spend on separately other. We have put aside traditional values for the most part, by masking them with material gifts. Consider this. Is it any coincidence that most stores do a majority of their business between November and February and several major holidays fall in this range Thanksgiving, Christmas, Hanukkah, New Years and Valentines Day. What about Black Friday, the busiest shopping day of the year? On that day billions of people across our nation leave their homes to flood the malls in search of Christmas or Hanukkah gifts. This holiday season has been predicted to bring in over $180 billion. Each year the annual holiday sales rise by approximately 5%. (CNN) Stores explo... ... newer products to draw us in. If we dont go all out for the Holidays we too will become Ebinieser Scrooge or the Grinch who Stole Christmas. Our corporations have set the standards for our holiday shopping. It is something that you ca nnot escape. Our corporate giants have told us that in order to tell someone you care, you must go out and spend. Those who have the money make the rules. It just so happens that the ones with the money are the heads of the choose companies that you go to, with your holiday needs. They call us to their stores to shop, and like zombies we go. Trudging through the stores on our mission to buy the perfect gift and to spend, just as we have been told. work Cited Retail Insider. Executive Decisions Systems Inc. October 1994. Lenihan, Rob, Black Friday Brings out Green. CNN America, INC. New York, November 25, 1999.

The Power of Place :: Essays Papers

The Power of PlaceThe main thing is to root politics in place. The affinity for home permits a broad surpass in the process of coalition building. It allows strange bedfellows to find one another. It allows worldviews to surface and change. It allows politics to remain an exercise in hope. And it allows the unthinkable to happen sometimes. Allen Thein Durning, This Place on Earth , P.249 The concept of place, home and community is a transnational and trans-community concept. Human places have just recently been given political boundaries. Previously, human boundaries were determined the selfsame(prenominal) way that animal, plant, and ecosystem boundaries were defined. They were defined by ecology and they were defined by geography of region and hemisphere. Tony Hiss Author of The Experience of Place brings to our attention that as public We react, consciously or unconsciously, to the places where we live and work, in ways we scarcely notice or that are only now becoming known to usIn short, the places where we spend our time affect the people we are and can become. Place defines characteristics in both human and extended moral communities. Place is not necessarily specific to gender, race, generation or specie. This understanding and recognition of place is fundamental when thinking about institutionalizing ecological and social responsibility. Because of human and nonhuman connections to specific places including knowledge, visualise and community, using a sense of place and permanence as a green transnational multilateral initiative could be a successful whole tone towards green democracy and ecological citizenship. Robyn Eckersley offers the insinuateion of a constitutionally entrenched principle that would enhance ecological and social responsibility the precautionary principle. I suggest connecting localized, place-specific boundaries with the principle. This addition is meant to aid in fostering ecological citizenship, expanding the moral communit y, and creating a responsible society. This addition would also be meant to unite a transnational pop that all nations could agree upon. This would create a binding multilateral principle that would be thoroughly accepting of specific ecological needs and characteristics of specific places. In short, the big picture of an supranational perspective needs the resolution of the peculiarities of place that cant be emphasized in a global viewpoint. The second major international environmental conference was held in Rio de Janeiro, in 1992. It was at Rio that the precautionary principle first became known to the public. Called principle 15, the precautionary principle provided that Where there are threats of real or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation (p.

E-waste Essay -- Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling

Over the past decade there was a owing(p) development observed in the sphere of high technologies production, so the scale of electronics market becomes wider and spins up from day to day. According to the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), consumers were expected to purchase five hundred million units of consumer electronics in the US in 2008. US households spend ab turn out $1407 per year on hardware. (Electronics Takeback coalition, 2010) Accordingly, there is a clear tendency of rapid electric switch of electronic appliances observed, as every other day producers offer consumers more efficient and powerful gadgets instead of their predecessors. Consequently, high rate in electronics upgrading results in bring down of their lifespan and following stockpiling of needless gadgets, which then become a class of municipal waste. These end-of-life electronic devices are often called electronic waste, or e-waste. without delay approximately 20-25 million slews of e-waste is e stimated to be produced worldwide every year with the largest number of electronics being discarded in Europe, the United States and Australasia. (Brett H. Robinson, 2009) Hence, there is a full challenge of management of e-waste disposal appearing across the whole world. Figures show that a very small percentage of electronic waste undergoes recycling process, whilst its lion share is stockpiled in landfills or incinerated with the rest of solid municipal waste. According to EPA, in the U.S. in 2008 3.16 million tons of electronic waste was produced and only 430.000 tons which constitute 13.6% were recycled. (TakeBack Coalition, 2010) This essay will present main points of e-waste problem, analyze possible solutions of the problem and discuss if they are suitable and efficient en... ...ied to the electronic waste issue. However, non all of them can be successfully developed and utilized to the solution. Donation of tons of electronic devices to developing nations is not efficien t, as in its most part gadgets arrive in condition improper for reuse. Consequently, export of electronics to third world countries for reuse only result in exposure of more land to contaminant with hazardous components in the absence of any proper recycling programs there. Therefore, it may be concluded that legislation method, or establishing takeback programs, would be the most efficient out of all proposed solutions. Extended producer responsibility will not only systemize the recycling process but also it will give a great motivation to manufacturers to come up with new design of technologies that will be less poisonous and easier to undergo recycling management.

E-waste Essay -- Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling

Over the past decade there was a prominent development observed in the sphere of high technologies production, so the scale of electronics marketplace becomes wider and spins up from day to day. According to the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), consumers were expected to purchase 500 million units of consumer electronics in the US in 2008. US households spend about $1407 per course of instruction on hardware. (Electronics Takeback coalition, 2010) Accordingly, there is a clear tendency of rapid substitution of electronic appliances observed, as every other day producers offer consumers more competent and powerful gadgets instead of their predecessors. Consequently, high rate in electronics upgrading results in shortening of their lifespan and following stockpiling of needless gadgets, which then become a class of municipal waste. These end-of-life electronic devices are often called electronic waste, or e-waste. Now approximately 20-25 million piles of e-waste is estimate d to be produced worldwide every year with the largest sum up of electronics being discarded in Europe, the United States and Australasia. (Brett H. Robinson, 2009) Hence, there is a serious challenge of management of e-waste disposal appearing across the whole world. Figures show that a very small percentage of electronic waste undergoes recycling process, whilst its lion share is stockpiled in landfills or incinerated with the rest of solid municipal waste. According to EPA, in the U.S. in 2008 3.16 million tons of electronic waste was produced and only 430.000 tons which constitute 13.6% were recycled. (TakeBack Coalition, 2010) This essay will present main points of e-waste difficulty, analyze possible solutions of the problem and discuss if they are suitable and efficient en... ...ied to the electronic waste issue. However, not all of them can be successfully developed and utilized to the solution. Donation of tons of electronic devices to developing nations is not efficient , as in its most part gadgets arrive in condition improper for utilize. Consequently, export of electronics to third world countries for reuse only result in exposure of more land to contamination with hazardous components in the absence of any proper recycling programs there. Therefore, it may be concluded that legislation method, or establishing takeback programs, would be the most efficient out of all proposed solutions. Extended producer responsibility will not only systemize the recycling process but also it will give a great motivation to manufacturers to come up with new design of technologies that will be less poisonous and easier to undergo recycling management.

Putnam Paper Essay

IntroductionPutnams recent work has mainly foc habitd on bringing philosophy out of its case and back to the terra firma of universal people and ordinary social problems. Pragmatic provides us with some ideas for finding the look at that there is no difference between what is real and what we experience as real. A pragmatic realist philosophy of religion is not reductionism and therefore acceptable for ghostlike as well as non-religious philosophers of religion.Majority of the pragmatists seek to find a middle way between metaphysical realism and relativism and between dogmatism and skepticism by using the pragmatic maxim, in order to establish the mean of a conception we should consider what practical consequences might conceivably result from the truth of that conception. Belief in what is taken to be true is conceived as a guiding action, that is, it is a habit, a disposition to behave, and its opposite is disbelief and doubt.This doubt is normally caused by surprising phenom enon that is incompatible with ones earlier real beliefs. We begin a process of inquiry whenever the doubt arises where we attempt to obtain a parvenue equilibrium with our environment where our doubt is detached. This smart equilibrium refers to new habits and revised beliefs. A glowing inquiry lead to stable consume, that is only short-term, and will at long last be followed by new doubt.Most of the pragmatics conceived an inquiry rule as the way we think and have to think in all aspect of life. Cognitive experience is the result of inquiry. An inquiry process begins in a just difficulty, going on through the stage of conceptual elaboration of probable resolutions, and results in a concluding reconstruction of the experience into a new cohesive whole. This cohesive whole is not, a closed system.With this view of a cohesive whole, pragmatists question knowledge as a sort of inactive arranging of antecedent facts. They claim that, knowing is vied as a constructive conceptual action, anticipating, and guiding our alteration to future practical interactions with our environment.With that regard, we cannot therefore assign a thoroughgoing(a) status to the traditional ontological distinction between mind and body, means and end, or between fact and value. However, these differences should functionally and contextually be understood. Moreover, most pragmatists disprove truth as correspondence of consideration to things in themselves, but ague that, truth is a subject of successful change of our ideas to challenging circumstances, a view which was supported by William James.With regard to moral, aesthetic and the religious, there is a pragmatic interrelation between the truth and utility. These truth values are brought by their sensible function in our lives. The religious should have sensible penalty for their people who accept them. According to pragmatism, both religion and science have an explanation concerning who we are as humankind beings. Nonethe less, science deals with experimental and observational experience, while religion deals with the existential experience.Putnam ague that objects in the orb is always objects conceptualized by people. These objects vary depending on the theory at hand. This implies that what is translate concerning the objects as true, presupposes a theory. However, this does not implies that what is say to be true concerning the objects is caused by the theory. Yet, there is no any reason to claim that truth consists with unconseptualized objects, because what people say about objects is based on theory, and so, it is appropriate to see truth as some kind of rational acceptability, perfect dead body with one another and with our experience.According to Putnam the truth can be defined in ground of evidence. This claim was severely question by Alvin Goldman by expectant an example of a soulfulness who was falsely accused of a crime that was actually committed by somebody else who had already die d. Several witnesses gave their evidence and notwithstandingtually the person was accused without chance to defend his complimentary. In such situation, if the definition of truth in terms of evidence is accepted, then automatically the accused person is saying to be guilty which in fact is converse to the truth that the person is not guilty. Goldman therefore, ague that truth can only be state to be exact if it can be defended.This view does not mean that the truth is a correspondence between judgments and words or that the fact is strong-minded of conceptualized. Putnams internalism is supported by the Murat Bac who ague that there is indeed sensible distinction between members of the community who are convince that there is no consciousness of truth other than what is agreed by them and another community members who reckon that suggested truth is what is independent of their best evidence. According to this argument, the former would accuse Goldmans innocent man of being gui lty while the latter would be more cautious on it.According to the internal realist, they is no description of the world, not even the most advanced scientific one, is the worlds or natures own. Ontology, truth and reference are internal to conceptual schemes serving antithetic uses. The outcome of this conceptual view is that we live in a human world and that there is no ready made world. Putnam ague that , it is obstinately scientific and culturally dangerous to consider natural science as being more closely clued-up with the true structure of reality than other human row games. Putnam often views truth as an epistemic concept contrasted to non-epistemic conception of truth proposed by associated theorists. He contendd that we should, instead of succumbing to metaphysical or internal realism, accept a reasonable natural realism.We cannot negate unintelligible statement of the metaphysical realist because their negation is likewise unintelligible as the original statement. Accor ding to Putnam, the metaphysical realist does not get to something which is a significant target and that our inability to take in the world entirely is no failure by any means, but is due to collapsing of the description into unintelligible if construed as the negation of such an idea.Truth cannot be just something language internal, but it is a representative relation between language users utterances and principally non-linguistic reality, although metaphysical effort to describe this relation as correspondence indeed lead to problem. Truth is the main element in a conceptual system that allows us to use terms such as statement, refers, belief, thought, etcetera. According to Putnam, world involving notions ensnare with our practical habit of act in the world where we live.Putnam ague that the metaphysical or scientific realists try to find a privileged scientific position for describing the world the way it is, independently of practice laden human perspectives, is a complete f ailure. His attacks on a tough kind of realism have resulted into more broad attacks on the reductionist, scientific dream of representing eventual reality in terms of scientific theories.Putnam has been interpreted as a relativist, but he has reminded his critics that he never consider the facts found in the world as dependent on how we use language in any common sense of the word dependent. Putnam view could be interpreted as an empirical realism in a Kantian sense, where the world would be constituted by our purpose oriented practices nearly in a way in which the empirical world is a human construction, but not being fictitious.There is a sense that the world and the truths relating to it are human constructions however it is ever from a human perspective that we say whatever we say concerning the world we take to be real. It is only in particular contexts of philosophy confusion that, we are expected to justify our beliefs about objectives worlds facts. Moreover, we should all t he same take our words as corresponding to how things are. Putnam critically evaluates the likelihood of philosophy to make the human lives better, where he borrows from James and Deweys meliorism. He argued that there is no ethical dichotomy between the facts and values which can be drawn.According to him all facts that can be found in our humanly structured world are value laden, and value are everywhere, they extend into each and every corner of our experience and thought. Here Putnam was very level in criticize skeptical and relativist theories of ethics, that see values as basically subjective and should be banished from the scientific world view. According to Putnam it is extremely wrong to believe that science as a privilege perception for describing the world that it may perhaps reduced values to something entirely factual.We have to develop moral images of the world where metaphysical and ethical elements are a deep entangle. Putnam has tried to bring religious issues, ch aracteristically marginalized in scientific oriented analytical philosophy, back to the middle of philosophy. He noted that scientific attacks on theism are based on misunderstandings. Later, Putnam arrives relatively close to Wittgensteinian mysticism, where it is not possible to communicate religious perceptive in a meaningful language.His religious idea is troubled by tensions however this may be an indication of a profound religious thinker. kind-hearted being both are at the centre of theoretical and practical philosophy, this is not clearly separable. The metaphilosophical view as put by Putnam is very critical to make us understand our challenging existence in the world, and thus be able to make a difference on the way we live. ism is a deeply human project which aim at a humanly world view rather than any impersonal unlimited conception. It gives us a clear look at our own situation.ConclusionIn this work , I have critically discussed the Putnam perspective view of the wo rld, and have argue that human being can only adopt internal perspective which attempt to explain clearly about who we are. Reality is always reality conceptualized by us, building on the experiences and existential ones describing the fact that science and religion have different role in our lives.This however, is not reductionism, but rather taking religious seriously as a human phenomenon. Our view on references, truth, the mind, values, religion, and other issues can be seen as fallible, self-critical attempts to discover what our best practice add to in these varied cases and what kind of philosophy pertinent commitments it makes.ReferencesPeter A. French et.al (1997) God and the Philosophers, in Religion, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 21, Minneapolis, pp. 175-187.Boolos, et.al (1990) Meaning and Method Essay in Honor of Hillary Putnam, Cambridge.Putnam, H., et.al (1994) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxford, Cambridge, Mass, pp. 507-513.

Cognitive Term of Behaviour

Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behavior. Evaluate two relevant studies. One of the around famous persona studies of amnesia in the history is HM who was suffering from epileptic seizures and had a surgery when he was only nine years archaic that removed 2/3 of his genus Hippocampus, medial temporal lobes, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala. The cognitive process was successful in its primary goal of controlling his epilespsy only if as a result of the operation he suffered from grueling anterograde amnesia.After the operation, he could not commit new events to long-term storehouse. He could remember events from before the operation for the rest of his life. His working memory and adjectival memory were intact. After the operation, he could continue to complete tasks that require recall from the short-term memory and that involved procedural memory but could not make use of long-term episodic memory after the operation. After the operation , he lost his declarative memory (semantic and episodic). Because of the remotion of these move of brain, he might face these problems.One that might be he couldnt encode the information or he could do that but he couldnt retrieve it or he could do them but could not store them in his memory. Clive Wearing had brain infection -herpes encephalitic- affecting the parts that are concentrated on memory. MRI scanning shows damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regions. His ability to perceive what he saw and heard was unimpaired. besides he did not seem to be able to retain any impression of anything for more than a few blink. In he did blink, his eyelids parted to notice a new scene.In Clives case, the virus damaged his brain. It damaged the hippocampus, which play a major role in the handling of long-term memory formation. Additionally he sustained marginal damage to the temporal and frontal lobes. The former houses the amygdala, a component implicated in the control of emotions and associated memories. Clive developed a profound case of total amnesia as a result of his illness. Because the part of the brain required to transfer memories from the working to the long term landing field in damaged.He is unable to encode new memories. He only remembers a little part of his life before. He still knows how to play piano, which is because his cerebellum prudent for the maintenance of procedural is not damaged. The fact that he could no longer remember anything and was not aware, tells us that the hippocampus and the temporal and frontal lobes are the bits responsible for(p) for LTMs and STMs formation and recall. In both cases, the hippocampus was damaged, and so they both had problems with their long-term memory.In HMs case only two thirds of the hippocampus was removed while in Clives case most of it was destroyed. As a result both had very severe amnesia and because of that we can conclude that hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for f orming/retrieving or storing the LTM. This is an example of the link between cognition and physiology of the brain. However, certain exceptions make this surmisal a lot more complex. For example HM had remembered JFKs assassination and both could still learn new skills.In Clives case, the fact that he could still emotionally remember his wife does not fit into the former explanation. However, the researches that were done consistently for these two people are reliable, giving us the prospect to generalize such hypothesis on the cognitive part of the brain. For example, Brenda Milner, who studied HM following his surgery till his death, is a very well-known researcher and in her reports she has clearly mentioned HMs past and present conditions.Since she is known and experienced, her reports are likely to be true and not exaggerated. And because of that we believe it to be dear and creditable as well as following a data triangulation. Milner hasnt had any brain illnesses in her li fe, so we can easily conclude that her research was in no way influence by her own disabilities. On the other hand she has not checked and re-checked her research results, trying to strike fault in them, since HMs case is a very unique case in the world.And the fact that HM was old at the clip when most of her research were conducted, we could argue that his memory loss was due to old age. Another fault in her research is its inaccuracies, an example of such inaccuracy is when HM remembered tail F. Kennedys assassination. Based on these findings we can assume that her research is strong enough for us to be able to generalize its effects. That is why recently, scientists associate hippocampus and amygdala with memory formation and storage.

Economic Impact of Duck Hunting in Arkansas

Its madness, Ive never seen otherwise intelligent frugal men throw so much money at so little opportunity (Un cognise) This was the groundment made by an unnamed source referencing the sickness and dependance of the wonderful sport of Waterfowl Hunting. The economic impact of waterfowl search in Arkansas can best be seen in the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services 2006 stinting Impact of Waterfowl Hunting report. This report states that in 2006 there was 1. 3 one thousand thousand waterfowl hunters nationwide, 100,000 of these waterfowl hunters were residents of Arkansas who spent 1. million days act the waterfowl of their choice. During these days, waterfowl hunters spend money on hunting trips, hunting equipment, salaries and wages and state, local and federal taxes. Nationwide, waterfowl hunters spent $900 million during 2006 creating a overconfident economic impact for the nations economy. When did all of this begin and why in Eastern Arkansas? It is said that the first to have stepped foot in what is now known as modern day Arkansas were soak hunters. In an archeological find near Big Lake in north eastern Arkansas, studies found to a greater extent bones from Mallard overreachs than from any other bird present.Nature had set a perfect table not only for the Paleo Indians but for the future duck hunters in Arkansas. Eastern Arkansas borders the Mississippi River and is home of 8 million of the 24. 2 acres of the Mississippi Alluvial plain. There are no other states in the continental united states that have more delta land than Arkansas. Before the advent of dams and tree clearing agricultural practices the delta was covered primarily with hardwood trees, mostly oaks. These Hardwoods provided the staple pabulum source (acorns) for the largest population of wintering waterfowl (mainly the mallard duck) in the world.Early settlers took advantage of the abundant fowl and consequently started some of the very first duck hunting clubs in the United States. In 1906 the first known crop of rice was grown in Arkansas County. Although it was a small crop, it changed the scenery of agriculture in the delta and on the Grand Prairie region. Three years afterwards Grad Prairie rice acreage was up to 27,000 acres by 1919 rice covered 143,000 acres of the Grand Prairie in the Mississippi Delta. Today Arkansas harvests 41 percent of the nations rice, almost twice as much as No. California (21 percent). Riceland Rice Corporation, located in Stuttgart Arkansas, alone is prudent for almost tercet of the U. S. crop. Local farmers founded the Riceland cooperative in 1921 to get better prices. The average Riceland farm is about 750 to 1,000 acres, Reed says. About one-third to one-half is devoted to rice, with the rest going to soybeans, one of the other crops Riceland processes. The majorities of the Riceland Farms are either leased out to waterfowlers or have guide services ran on them.In the early days of rice farming, the rice harvest and the migration of wintering waterfowl down the Mississippi Flyway coincided. Massive groups of waterfowl could probablely wipe out an wide-cut rice field in one night. At the time, farmers would pay as much as 5$ a gun per night and all of the shells the mortal could shoot while keeping the ducks away. As quicker maturing rice was developed people started to realize that ducks were no longer a nuisance but had potential to be a great asset and compliment to the rice harvest. A bi- product of the rice boom in Arkansas County was a drastic add-on in Duck Clubs.A Duck Club is privately owned business which charges the duck hunters by the day for guided hunts or requires members to pay annual dues for their rank in the club. Duck clubs had been around the state for several years prior to the rice boom of the early 1900s, but these clubs were set primarily on flood hardwood bottoms or sloughs along the Mississippi delta. When rice farmers realized the potential cash flow that hunting cl ubs could provide during the winter season, many started Duck Clubs on their privately owned farms.One such place was Wallace Claypools Wild Acres reservoir, which came to be known just as Claypools Reservoir. In 1956 NBCs popular tv set program Wide Wide World approached the Arkansas Game and Fish relegation about filming the first ever nationally broadcast get it on duck hunt. During the time the segment was filmed Claypools Reservoir was holding approximately 300,000 mallard ducks. At 314 the NBC director pressed a button and 4 million viewers looked on. Shortly after 315 a TNT laden rocket was fired over the ducks to name them up off the water.With ducks in the air Wallace Claypool began to call ducks in for Lynn Parsons, a 12 year old local with a new shotgun. Six shots later Claypools lab was retrieving 6 mallard ducks and Arkansas was officially on the map as the Duck Hunting Capital of the World. In 1936, 20 years prior to the airing of Claypools duck hunt on national t elevision Thad McCollum of Stuttgart Arkansas held the first annual Worlds Duck Calling backing on Main Street in downtown Stuttgart, Arkansas. It was known then as the National Duck Calling Contest.There were 17 entries in the business district Stuttgart event and the winner was promised a new hunting jacket valued at $6. 60. This contest has helped form what is now the Wings over The Prairie Festival. Wings over the Prairie is one of the oldest and most visited festivals in Arkansas, and has grown to an annual attendance of over 60,000. Besides the World Championship Duck Calling Contest there is likewise a nationally renowned Gumbo Cook Off, as well as many crafts, lots of hunting gear for sale, dances, live bands, commercial exhibits and collectibles.With such a large attendance containing people from all over the United States, the Festival brings in millions of dollars of revenue to Stuttgarts economy each year. According to Stephen Bell, executive director director of the Stuttgart Chamber of Commerce, It is estimated that the economic impact on Stuttgart is $1 million a day during duck season. The town is also home to more than 70 commercial Guide Services that cater not only to Duck Hunters but also to deer hunters as well as a some that cater to turkey hunting.In addition to the private guide services and the Membership Exclusive Hunting Clubs, Duck hunters are drawn from all over the state as well as the country to hunt the hundreds of thousands of acres of public hunting area managed specifically for waterfowl. In 1948, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission purchased Bayou Meto Flat which provided 34,000 acres of public green timber duck hunting. Bayou Meto is one of the most renowned public hunting places in the United States.Green Timber duck hunting is somewhat specific to Arkansas and with 34,000 acres available to the public hunters come from all over the United States to get the thrill of a accredited Arkansas Green Timer Hunt. Bayou Me to however is far from being the only public Green Timber hunting the state has to offer. As a firm the eastern side of Arkansas is loaded with hundreds of thousands of acres of flooded, acorn producing trees that are typically loaded with ducks. Where there are ducks, there are bound to be duck hunters.The state of Arkansas had 100,000 waterfowl hunters, 16 years old or older, in 2006. These 100,000 participants who enjoy hunting waterfowl in Arkansas are responsible for the states ranking of 2nd in the nation only to Louisana in participation. Waterfowl hunters in Arkansas spent $91 million dollars on waterfowl hunting trips and equipment, which includes but is not limited to food, lodging, transportation, firearms and ammunition, fees, hunting dogs and related expenses. Arkansas waterfowl hunters also spent $9. 6 million in state taxes and $9. 4 million in federal taxes. These hunters also helped support 2,505 jobs that are waterfowl hunting related with $47. 9 million in salari es and wages. All this hunting and spending creates a ripple effect of $124 million dollars. Arkansas attracts 53,000 non-resident hunters every year, from all over the country who spend a combined 662,000 days in the state. The out-of-staters spend $167,811,000 on the sport in Arkansas, meaning each non-resident hunter spends about $3,184 during a typical season.

Drug Use Cause And Effect Essay

You hear about more and more people using drugs these days, particularly prescription drugs. Doctors may ordinate these drugs to you and you may think they are helping but, what you dont know is how they may change a normal functioning person into an addict. These drugs are usance forming and ass seriously harm you, even kill you. For Years people go to the doctor for one reason or another. Some doctors prescribe pills that shadower sometimes be more damaging than helpful. Certain drugs these doctors prescribe exchangeable pain killers only mask the problem, not really solving it.Some names of these painkillers are Vicodin, Lortab, Anexsia, Zydone, and Norco. After several weeks of taking these drugs, you can become physically and emotionally dependent. Even if you have never been an addict or used street drugs forrader you can become dependent. After a prolonged period, say a few weeks, of taking these drugs, not only are you dependent but, if you do not continue to ingest th ese pills you will experience withdrawal symptoms. Some of these withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, night sweats, tremors and agitation.Studies have shown prolonged use or misuse of these painkillers can have other dangerous consequences. Dangers of these drugs include liver disease related to prolonged or excessive use of the acetaminophen (contained in Vicodin). Physical allowance account to the drug after prolonged use, increased doses is needed to achieve the same pain relief. People tend to forget or do not sympathise the interaction warnings or labels on these drugs. Mixing certain types of other drugs with painkillers can be extremely dangerous and end in a bad result. Drugs like MAO inhibitors and antidepressants can result in respiratory complications or death.