Klemens Von Metternich

KLEMENS VON METTERNICH Statesman; born at Coblenz, 15 May, 1773; died at Vienna, 11 June, 1859; son of Count Georg, Austrian envoy of the Court of Vienna at Coblenz, and Maria Beatrix, nee Countess von Kageneck. He studied philosophy at the University of Strasburg, and law and diplomacy at Mainz. A journey to England completed his education. Metternich began his public career in 1801 as Austrian ambassador to the Court of Dresden. Though he had for several years prepared himself for a diplomatic career, he was especially fortunate in being immediately appointed to so prominent a position.Only two years later he was made ambassador to Berlin. The emperor considered it very important to have a minister at Berlin who could gain the favour of the Court and the principal Prussian statesmen, and who knew how to combine â€Å"great powers of observation with a moderate and agreeable manner†. Metternich had already proved that he possessed these qualities. Napoleon was then emperor wi th the new empire at the zenith of its power. The Emperor Francis needed his ablest ambassador at Napoleon's Court, and in May, 1806, he sent Metternich to Paris.Metternich found himself in the difficult position of representing Austria in the face of the overweening threats and ambitious plans of Napoleon at the height of his power. He did so with dignity and firmness, as his report of his important audience with Napoleon on 15 August, 1808, shows. The year 1809 is marked by the great war between Austria and France. The German States were called upon to join her, but only the Tyrol responded. On 13 May Vienna was besieged by the French, but eight days later Napoleon was defeated by the Archduke Charles at Aspern.Metternich, treated as a prisoner of state by Napoleon, was finally released in July in exchange for members of the French embassy. After the battle of Wagram Austria's position was hopeless. Its army was cut off from Hungary and compelled to retreat to Moravia and Bohemia. A great statesman was needed to save the situation. On 4 August the Emperor Francis appointed Metternich as minister of state to confer with Napoleon, and on 8 October, minister of the imperial house and of foreign affairs.By the treaty of Schonbrunn (14 October), Austria was greatly reduced in size, and reached the greatest depths of its humiliation. But the moment of its degradation saw the beginning of its rise. The two-headed eagle soared to the loftiest heights, and it was Metternich who gave it the strength for its flight. For nearly forty years he directed Austria's policy. His first concern was to establish tolerable relations with the French Emperor. Napoleon desired by means of a new marriage to ally himself with one of the old European dynasties in the hope to raise himself and to provide an heir for the imperial throne.He obtained a divorce from Josephine Beauharnais, and through the mediation of Metternich married Maria Louise, daughter of the Emperor Frances of Austri a. Though at present it seems to become more and more probable that Napoleon's union with Josephine was a valid marriage, nevertheless it is certain that when Napoleon wedded Maria Louise (11 March, 1810) the Court of Vienna and the Papal Curia were absolutely convinced of the unlawfulness of Napoleon's first alliance. Napoleon's connexion with the imperial family of Austria had no influence on politics.Fate led the French Emperor, after ruining so many others, to ruin himself. At Schonbrunn he pronounced the temporal sovereignty of the Roman See to be at an end, and in reply to the pope's excommunication he remarked: â€Å"This will not cause the arms to drop from the hands of my grenadiers. † Although he imprisoned the pope, in the Russian campaign on the Beresina the arms did drop from the frozen hands of his grenadiers. As the crisis approached the decision lay with Austria. From a quarter past eleven in the morning until half past eight in the evening Metternich was clos eted with Napoleon (Dresden, 26 June, 1813). Our conference consisted of the strangest farrago of heterogeneous subjects, characterized now by extreme friendliness, now by the most violent outbursts of fury†. Napoleon raged, threatened, and leaped up like a chafed lion. Metternich remained calm. Napoleon let his hat, which he was holding under his arm, drop to the floor. Metternich did not stoop to pick it up. The emperor also tried persuasion. â€Å"Your sovereigns†, he said, â€Å"who were born to their thrones cannot comprehend the feelings that move me.To them it is nothing to return to their capitals defeated. But I am a soldier. I need honour and glory. I cannot reappear among my people devoid of prestige. I must remain great, admired, covered with glory. † For that reason, he said, he could not accept the proposed conditions of peace. Metternich replied, â€Å"But when will this condition of things cease, in which defeat and victory are alike reasons for continuing these dismal wars? If victorious, you insist upon the fruits of your victory; if defeated, you are determined to rise again. Napoleon made various offers for Austria's neutrality, but Metternich declined all bargaining, and Napoleon's oft-repeated threat, â€Å"We shall meet in Vienna†, was his farewell to Metternich. Metternich gave the signal for war, and Schwarzenberg led the decisive battle of Leipzig. The Emperor Francis raised his â€Å"beloved Count Metternich† to the rank of Austrian prince. â€Å"Your able efforts in conducting the department with which I entrusted you in difficult times are now, at a moment highly decisive in the world's destiny, happily crowned with success. Metternich reached the height of his power and renown at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). No idea can be had of the difficulty of the problems that were to be solved. The very first conference of the representatives of the powers previously allied against France (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England), held on 19 September, 1814, at Metternich's villa on the Rennweg, ended in a discord over the Polish question. It constantly required all of Metternich's most brilliant qualities to preserve harmony. One of his favourite means was to provide festivities of all sorts.They have often been criticized as if they had been the object of the congress, and not a means to attain its ends. Metternich succeeded finally in bridging over every difficulty. The Emperor Francis expressed his satisfaction with Metternich's services in securing peace and order in Europe, and especially in restoring to Austria its ancient pre-eminence. The rearrangement of German and Italian affairs gave but little satisfaction to either side, but henceforth Metternich was the leading statesman of Europe.For the settlement of questions still pending and other difficulties that arose, the following congresses were held: Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818; Karlsbad (a conference of ministers), 1819; Vi enna, 1820; Troppau, 1820; Laibach, 1821; and Verona, 1822. The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, at which the monarchs of Austria, Prussia, and Russia were personally present, devoted its attention to the adjustment of the relations of the powers to France, though Metternich also emphasized the dangers arising from demagogic agitation, and expressed his suspicions that its focus was in Germany.When, not long after, the Russian councillor, Kotzebue, was assassinated by the student, Sand, Metternich in twenty-four conferences of German ministers at Karlsbad took measures to put an end to the political troubles in Germany. All publications of less than twenty folios were to be subject to censorship; government officers were to be placed at the universities to supervise them; in the several states the constitutions providing for diets in accordance with ancient usage were to be retained; representative constitutions were to be suppressed.Despite England's and Russia's resistance, Metternich at the two succeeding congresses successfully carried his proposition to intervene in behalf of the Italian states, which were threatened and hard pressed by the revolution. This measure brought upon Austria the hatred of the Italian people. Finally Austria and Russia split on the question of freeing Greece from the Turkish yoke, Austria showing herself to be a decided friend of the Turks. The result was a blow to Metternich's policy. He had dropped from the high-water mark of his influence.Thereafter Russia's influence increased. Since the death of Prince Kaunitz (1794) the position of house, court, and state chancellor had been vacant, but in 1821 Metternich was invested with that office. â€Å"Your deserts have been increased by the uninterrupted zeal, the ability and fearlessness with which, especially in the last two years, you devoted yourself to the preservation of general order and the triumph of law over the disorderly doings of disturbers of the peace in the states at ho me and abroad. Under the Emperor Ferdinand I after 1835, the direction of affairs, after the emperor himself, was in the hands of a council consisting of the Archduke Ludwig (uncle of the emperor), the state chancellor Metternich, and the court chancellor Kolowrat. Metternich's influence over Austria's internal affairs was less than is generally supposed. Count Hartig, who was well informed, declares (Geschichte der Revolution, p. 19): â€Å"In matters of internal administration the prince was seldom heard, and was purposely kept away from them. † In this department after 1826, it was the minister Count Kolowrat whose influence was decisive.Many envied Metternich his pre-eminence. The aristocracy always saw the foreigner in him, and others looked with resentment upon the preference shown foreigners in the state chancery (Friedrich Gentz, Adam Muller, Friedrich Schlegel, Jarke). Grillparzer, director of archives in the Hofkammer, expressed himself very harshly on that point in 1839, though it must be noted that Grillparzer had been highly incensed. In all these matters Kolowrat had the advantage of Metternich. He was even considered capable of granting, or, at least, of preparing a constitution, and was thought to be inclined to do so.As time passed â€Å"the Metternich system† came to be held more and more responsible for everything unpleasant, and its author to be hated and attacked. His own acts show the injustice done the prince in this regard. To quote from his â€Å"Political Testament†: â€Å"To me the word freedom has not the value of a starting-point, but of an actual goal to be striven for. The word order designates the starting-point. It is only on order that freedom can be based. Without order as a foundation the cry for freedom is nothing more than the endeavour of some party or other for an end it has in view.When actually carried out in practice, that cry for freedom will inevitably express itself in tyranny. At all times an d in all situations I was a man of order, yet my endeavour was always for true and not for pretended liberty. † These words are the key to the understanding and appreciation of Metternich's actions. Two more passages characteristic of the great statesman's temper of mind may be cited: â€Å"Admirers of the press honour it with the title, ‘representative of public opinion', though everything written in the papers is nothing but the expression of those who write.Will the value of being the expression of public opinion ever be attributed to the publications of a Government, even of a Republican Government? Surely not! Yet every obscure journalist claims this value for his own products. What a confusion of ideas! † No less just and important a remark is the following on state religion: â€Å"The downfall of empires always directly depends upon the spread of unbelief. For this very reason religious belief, the first of virtues, is the strongest power.It alone curbs at tack and makes resistance irresistible. Religion cannot decline in a nation without causing that nation's strength also to decline, and the fall of states does not proceed in arithmetical progression according to the law of falling bodies, but rapidly leads to destruction. † When on 13 March, 1848, the storm of the revolution raged in Vienna, the state chancellor, who preferred to sacrifice himself rather than others, immediately resigned his position. He went to England, Brussels, and Schloss Johannisberg.From the last place he returned to Vienna in 1851, and eight years later died in his palace on the Rennweg at the age of eighty-six. In Europe Napoleon, Metternich, and Bismarck set their stamp upon the nineteenth century. All three of them lived to see their own fall. Metternich remained the longest in the leading position of â€Å"coachman of Europe†. Nothing better characterizes the great statesman than what he repeatedly said, proud and aristocratic as always, to Baron A. von Hubner a few weeks before his death: â€Å"I was a rock of order† (un rocher d'ordre).Metternich married three times: in 1795 Maria Eleonora, granddaughter of Princess Kaunitz, by whom he had seven children; in 1827 Maria Antonia, Baroness von Leykam, by whom he had a son, Richard Klemens; and in 1831 Countess Melanie Zichy, by whom he had three children. What was the Metternich system? The Metternich system depended upon political and religious censorship, espionage, and the suppression of revolutionary and nationalist movements. His name became anathema to liberals, and the revolutions of 1848 (which forced him to seek refuge in England) were in part directed at his repressive system.Metternich returned to Austria in 1851. Prince metternich set out many different small fires of liberalising revolutions. The system depended upon political and religious censorship, and the suppression of revolutionary and nationalist movements.. This became held for everything un pleasant. Concert of Europe 1815: In the aftermath of Napoleon's defeat, the great powers of Europe came together to define the new political order. For fifteen years, the plans devised at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) succeeded in reinstating and maintaining Europe's monarchies, while suppressing the ambitions of liberals, nationalists, and workers.However, in 1830 and again in 1848 the aspirations of these groups exploded in revolutionary action. All of these would-be revolutions were eventually put down, but the message that an expansion of the political sphere was coming could not be denied. In fact, nationalism drove much of the political change in the two decades following the revolts of 1848. Austria-Hungary was reorganized to give special status to large minority groups. The states of Italy were brought together in a unified country in 1861.And finally, the German states were unifed under Prussian leadership in 1871. The unification of Italy and Germany were part of a l arger pattern. Throughout Europe, the power of the state increased at the same time as more and more people were brought into the political process. Between 1848 and 1914, France became a republic again, Britain moved closer to democracy, serfdom was abolished in Russia, and Spain and Portugal moved towards modernization of their governments. By 1914, almost all European men had the right to vote.

Chemistry of Cancer

Molly HubnerPeriod 1Extra Credit Paper Chemistry of Cancer Cancerous cells develop when conditions for cells are favorable, therefore following the divisions to continually occur, never stopping. When this happens, a tissue mass of cells called a tumor is formed and does not respond to normal controls regarding cell growth. Cancer cells have the following characteristics: profound changes in the plasma and membrane cytoplasm, abnormal growth and division weakened capacity for adhesion, and lethality. The membrane permeability is intensified and some proteins may be altered or added. Enzyme activities may also change and the cytoskeleton shrinks, causing a chaotic atmosphere. Controls are lost and cell populations will dramatically increase. New proteins cause abnormal increases in small blood vessels. Due to the high numbers, the cells can no longer attach itself to the parent tissue. Unless the cancerous cells are removed, they will kill the individual. Cancer is the number one killer in America today. We can say the known causes of cancer are radiation, sunlight, pollution, cigarette smoking and improper diets. I will explain the major causes of cancer, but before I proceed let me define the term â€Å"cancer. To be defined cancer is an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells that can spread beyond their natural boundaries to other parts of the body. Cancers can develop in numerous parts of the body. At first oncogene, genes with highly specialized functions were said to be the † cancer genes â€Å". This of course was wrong as oncogene promote normal c ell division and growth as well as the repair and replacement of damaged cells. Cancer starts when one out of as many as one trillion cells goes awry. When first damaged the cell loses its external controls and then the internal controls defect. From this it tries to develop a new set of internal controls by multiplying at a rapid pace which spreads colonies throughout the body. Cancer has been said to have two steps: mutation and promotion. During mutation the cell has been hit and permanently damaged; the cell is primed and ready to be molded known as a cancer cellPromotion is the cell division of the cancerous cell which then loses its controls- it then compensates itself by becoming an autonomous body Cancer can take 10 – 15 years to become fully developed, this depending on the cause or the ggressiveness of the tumor. Mature cells tend to progress slower. Metastases is the final stage when cancer is spread through the body by blood vessels or lymphatic channels. Single metastases can be cured usually by surgery or radiotherapy and multiple metastases is cured by chemotherapy . Metastases follows a path- from the primary tumor to a specific organ or organs. Lung Cancer is a disease marked by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The abnormal cells may no longer do the work of normal cells and in turn crowd out and destroy the healthy tissue. Most of the victims of cancer die from lung cancer. Many of these cases could have been avoided because it most often occurs in people over the age of 50 with a history of smoking. There are different types of lung cancer involving different parts of the lungs. They have different symptoms and are all treated differently. If the cancer is located in one of the bronchi it can irritate the lining of the bronchus and cause a chronic cough. Otherwise known as â€Å"smokers cough†. In serious conditions of this cough some might actually cough up blood. If the cancer spreads it may fill up the bronchus so air cannot easily pass in or out. Repeated lung infections and pneumonia are common with this condition. The leading cause of lung cancer is smoking. Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 different chemicals, many of which are carcinogens (may cause cancer). The three of the most damaging toxins are nicotine, tars, and carbon monoxide. Second-hand smoke inhaled by both smokers and nonsmokers is another important cause of lung cancer. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer deaths among men, 79% among women. Also smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. Smokers that inhale two or more packs of cigarettes a day, have a cancer mortality rate 12-25 times greater than a nonsmokers. It has been estimated that if all the smokers in America stopped smoking, lung cancer would be virtually gone. The best known carcinogen is asbestos. Others include nickel, chromate, and vinyl chloride. Risk of lung cancer is greatly increased when combined with smoking. It is obvious that cigarette smoking is the single most powerful cause of lung cancer. The increase in risk has been observed not only in men, but more recently in women, for smoking has come engage in activities formerly considered the domain of men. Depending upon the number of cigarettes smoked, and the number of cigarettes smoked each day can increase the risk of lung cancer. It is clear that there is a definite and direct dose-response relationship between the smoking dose and the development of cancer. I believe that if someone smokes even a pack of cigarettes a day it will increase the risk of getting cancer. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer. It is a radioactive gas found in the earth's rocks and soil, formed by the natural breakdown of radium. Excessive exposure of radon in the home may increase the risk of lung cancer especially in smokers. If the radon levels are found to be to high, remedial actions should be taken. Another cause of cancer is on the job exposure to carcinogens . You can't see radon. And you can't smell or taste it, but it may very well be a problem in your home. It is estimated to cause many thousands of deaths each year. Radon is a cancer-causing, radioactive gas, and when you breathe air containing the gas, you can get lung cancer. In fact, radon has now been declared the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. Only smoking causes more lung cancer deaths. If you smoke and your home has high radon levels, your risk of lung cancer is especially high. Radon can be found all over the United States. It comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water and gets in to the air you breathe. Radon can get into any type of building, homes, offices, and schools and build up to high levels. But you and your family are most likely to get your greatest exposure in your home because that is where you spend most of your time. In recent years Cancer is disease that has seemed to scared and infected Americans. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U. S. with more than 1 million new cases occurring a year. With each day scientific findings give a better understanding of the causes of the disease. These findings have opened doors to help treat cancer patients more effectively. Scientists have gained a more specific knowledge of individual cancers and now through the wonders of science have found effective treatments for the disease. To treat Cancer doctors and scientist need an understanding of what the disease actually physically does. Cancer is defined as â€Å"new growth of tissue resulting from a continuing proliferation of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade and destroy other tissues. † Cancer is not restricted to what type of cell and tissue it may emerge from. Therefore, they describe the disease as a large number of diseases as opposed to just on single disease. Because Cancer involves cells that can easily enter the bloodstream the disease has the ability to spread quickly through the body making it an even more dangerous disease and harder to stop. The idea behind surgery for treatment of cancer patients is to remove all malignant cells and tumors. With new, more precise, surgical advances, far less tissue is required to be removed thus resulting in a quicker recovery and less chance for serious disability. Surgery is most effective if done in the early stages of Cancer, although it is effective in more developed stages in relieving symptoms. Surgery is also used to make other forms of treatment, such as radiation, more effective. With the reduction of the tumor through surgery radiation treatment may effectively eliminate the tumor. Radiation treatment of cancer uses gamma rays attack Cancer causing tissue. Since tumors are more sensitive to radiation than normal tissue radiation can effectively eliminate or reduce harmful tissues that surgery can otherwise not remove. Since normal tissues are not as easily harmed by radiation, the negative effects on healthy tissue are not as severe. If the tumor is reduced through radiation, it may become possible for a doctor to eliminate the tumor through surgery. Radiation can also sterilize tumors thus preventing or slowing the spread of the Cancer through the body. This can also help doctors remove the tumor more easily through surgery, and provides a much less involved, painful surgery. The combination of radiation and surgery, if effective, can offer a cure with fewer negative side effects to the patient. The final traditional means of treating cancer is Chemotherapy. This form of treatment involves the use of drugs. Chemotherapy is used when Cancer has grown throughout the body and is no longer accessible through radiation or surgery. Although after chemotherapy, surgery is often used to eliminate remaining Caceres tissue. In this treatment drugs are administered and pass through the blood stream effecting Cancer tissue and healthy tissue. Since the drugs affect healthy tissue the patient will become sick from the treatment but because healthy cells divide faster than malignant cells the patient is able to recuperate. Chemotherapy, like all Cancer treatments, is most effective when administered early the early stages of the disease. It is also important that the treatment is consistent and administered frequently in order to achieve the most successful results. Cancer is one of the most leading causes of death in women, children and the elderly in the United States of America. Cancer is the number one killer in America today. We can say the known causes of cancer are radiation, sunlight, pollution, cigarette smoking and improper diets. Until this day we can say the causes of cancer are many and definitely complex, while the development of most cancers still remain unexplained. Bibliography Avendano, Carmen, and J. Carlos Mendes. Medicinal Chemistry of Anti- Cancer Drugs† ElSever: Hardbook. April 2008 Kotasek, Dusan, and Peter Pannall. Cancer and Clinical Biochemistry. UK:ACB. Venture Publications, 1997

Concept of Epigenetics

The basic concept of epigenetic is a simple pattern for human development. There are different marks needed to expedite these marks which some include encoding RONA'S, DNA meditation and even CPA denunciations. Epigenetic work very complicated they maintain the cell cycle which changes the differences when it comes to expressing genes without changing the DNA sequence.When dealing with germ cells and the developing embryo the reprogramming and remaking the right amount of epigenetic when it comes to the major time periods of placement in cell types. The early regulation of development includes the X- chromosome being active and starts to imprint they will eventually change in time respectively. Disorders- There could be lots of disorders that can be lead by epigenetic like Subjectivity and imprinting disorders to humans. Also plenty of Phenotype variation that runs from normal variation to human disease/disorders. There are lots of environmental affects to the human and offspring.The re have been studies that nutrition has something to do with the death rate with articulators disease and diseases which could be passed on from offspring to offspring whether its dads side or moms. Studies show that if a father doesn't have enough food or nutrients in a certain period of time most likely when hitting puberty his offspring are less likely to die from cardiovascular diseases. Surprisingly if food is plenty for a certain period time then offspring are more likely to get disease. Changes in diet can change genes which are then passed down to offspring from male.Technology- Plenty of changes to epigenetic technology. Some of these changes include how processes not Just at specific genes but can also study the changes in epigenetic that Just occurred. There have also been techniques used to assess the enzymes which make it easier for people using the machine and trying to study the enzymes. Issues Economical- This field of epigenetic has been growing and researchers say that this means that the market for investors will open up. There is a project called â€Å"The Cancer Genome Atlas† this project made $50 million from different institutes.This project also made a grant total of $3. 5 million which has a goal in mind that epigenetic changes that cause cancer. Souses comment that this money is small and will grow in the coming years. Companies have been making epigenetic drugs for the public and to put on the market, but this is tough for people to reach since epigenetic is infancy. Political- Some people could take advantages from this issue and may benefit them while it will be the complete opposite for others. There will be privacy issues to play in on an individual. The law system doesn't have any for epigenetic data.With this the digitization of medical records which holds a lot of information of a person could be stolen/lost a lot more significantly numbers could be increasing. Societal- Environmental changes can happen since there are epigenetic phenomena. Plenty of these changes are made in the beginning of one's development and can have a major impact for a individuals life span. Lots of evidence that epigenetic types can be generational inherited in animals as well. But on the other hand gives the inheritance a longer life span. Environmental and Ethical IssuesEpigenetic can cause lots of diseases to offspring's. The epigenetic causes effects in fetus which can have obesity and have a shorter life span. It can have a major response to the environment and can intake during pregnancy or the growth of a child. During puberty for both genders male and female both directly have impact the health of subsequent offspring due to the DNA patterns. This mechanism if changed the availability of methodology or changing enzymes could have a major effect. But a solution to this would be a UN-balanced protector energy restricted diet an help epigenetic marks.Diagrams Sources I think my sources were pretty reliable considerin g they were from research groups or university researchers. I would give them plenty of credit since I had no previous knowledge on this topic but after reading a couple of articles I got the basic idea behind the technology. Other websites got into to much detail or were too complicated to read and didn't really talk about the major points. The websites I was on were written by doctors and medical students that have knowledge on epigenetic and know if its trending in the future or not.

Evolution of Roles and Societal Perspectives on Aging Essay

Evolution of Roles and Societal Perspectives on Aging - Essay Example Before the World War II there appeared many new theories on aging that have a quite different view on it. The role theory that was applied before the war time had the following critical elements: older people do not just waste there time - but get new experience and find new meaning in life. It also claims that the majority of aged people do not want to lessen their role’s significance. The proponents of this theory also claimed that roles become vaguer with aging. The post war period was signified with the new theory on aging – disengagement. It says that because of â€Å"inevitable declines with age, people become decreasingly involved with the outer world and become more interior in anticipation of death† (Bath 2003). This theory also explained the transition of power from the old to the young. The next theory to consider is the continuity theory. It claims that with aging a person works out some new patterns of behavior and the life satisfaction depends greatly on how these patterns correlate with the past experience. The hypothesis of the continuity theory is: central personality traits become more pronounced with age or they are retained without many changes (Moody, 2006). One can make a deduction here that those people age successfully who keep to their habitual roles in life. The modernization theory that appeared in the 80’s defines four elements that encourage economic development: urbanization, education, techological changes and development, and economic production growth. As a result of these four factors interwork the theory deducts that while in traditional societies the role of older people is still active, in modern societies they lose all the power and do not bring any advancement to it. Modernization brings about deterioration of small and cosy communities where older people played sagnificant role. Moreover, modernization adds to

Marketing Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Profile - Essay Example Dew, Sierra Mist, Mirinda are carnbonated drinks and non carbonated beverages and nutrient brands include Tropicana fruit juices, Quaker Oats, Aquafina fresh water and Gatorade are highly popular. It uses competitive pricing and offers snacks and beverages in various format and sizes to meet the needs and affordability of it segmented market. It exploits market opportunities through innovative market strategies and distribution channels (Nickles, McHugh & McHugh, 2010). It supplies low calorie beverages and fruit juices to schools and has huge network of distributors to sell its various products. The major supermarket chain, hotels and retailers etc. are important distributors who are provided financial incentives based on volume sale or product placement fee (pepsicoAR, 2010). Pepsoco uses market mix to promote its products. It has used myriad media to promote its products and adopted appealing slogans through intense culturally sensitive advertising to exploit customers’ sentiments. Apart from hoardings, television and radio advertising, it also sponsors sports and cultural events as promotion gimmick. Most importantly, it is using technology to reach wider consumer base. Through social networking like facebook, Youtube, flikr etc. has significantly contributed to its competitive advantage within the

Assessing the Different Types of Derivatives Essay

Assessing the Different Types of Derivatives - Essay Example The major classes of derivatives are Futures/Forwards which are contracts to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date, Optionals which are contracts that give a holder the right to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date and Swappings where the two parties agree to exchange cash flows. Derivatives are often subject to criticisms such as large losses, counter-party risk, and unsuitably high amount of risk for small or inexperienced investors, large notional value and leverage of debt in the economy. In spite of these it has huge advantages such as facilitating the buying and selling of risk thus having a positive impact on the economic system. As former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan commented in 2003 the use of derivatives has softened the impact of the economic downturn at the beginning of the 21st century. In this paper the pros and cons and the circumstances under which derivatives such as forward contracts, future contracts, spot contracts, call opti ons, hedging, interest rates swaps, currency swaps and credit swaps are used, are discussed.(Note: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Derivative(finance)) Forward Contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset (which can be of any kind) at a pre-agreed future point in time.As suggested by the International Journal of Sheep and Wool Science, volume 55(2007), results suggest that income stabilization and price risk management were the two major pros of the forward contract method although these were strongly overshadowed by the list of cons: pricing, complexity, dominance of the auction system and production risks. Allaz and Vila (1993) suggest that there is a strategic reason (in an imperfect competitive environment) for the existence of forward trading, that is, forward trading can be used even in a world without uncertainty In finance, a futures contract is a

Intercultural Business Communication about Australia Country Research Paper

Intercultural Business Communication about Australia Country - Research Paper Example The country has a population of about 23 million people making it one of the world’s least populated countries due to its big size (Jupp 78). However, most of the land in Australia is forest cover. Australia is one of the world’s most economically successful countries in the world. For instance, it’s GDP and per capital income is has been rates as top five in the world. English is the main language in the country although some more languages from European and Asian migrants are also present. II. Types of Businesses or Industries in the country Australia has all sort f business. Being a first world country means that commerce in the country has matured and every business of every kind is present in the country. However, there are those businesses that are almost a trademark for Australia. Mining is a highly common business in Australia, and there are numerous copper mines that generate billions of dollars every year. Farming is also a significant part of Australia n commerce. Apart from these traditional commercial activities, the service industry has also peaked up very well. These include financial services, insurance and other service businesses. At the same time, transport industry is also a large part of the Australian commerce. ... The nation has six states with each state being governed by a governor and a governor general overseeing all states. A parliamentary system is used with the queen of Australia (living in England) being the head and represented by his representatives who are the governors. IV. People Australia has a well mixed population ranging from the aboriginals to the whites and also foreigners. The culture of the people is also highly well mixed because most of the adult population is made up of the off springs of immigrant parents who came from various parts of the world (Jupp 89). However, the nation seems to have imported American popular culture which has become dominant especially among urban dwellers. Australia has highly educated citizens. With numerous world class universities in the country, the country has been able to have truly educated professionals. With regard to religion, a majority of the people in Australia are Christians. A greater majority of the people in Australia are Chris tians (making about sixty percent), and the second largest group is that if non-religious people which include atheism, rationalism and humanism. Other religions such as Buddhism, Islam and Hindu are also present, but all constitute to the least of the population. Although Christianity is the main religion in Australia, it is not a state religion since there is no state religion in Austria, as per the requirements of the constitution of Australia. Australia has people of all decent. In this regard, the aboriginals who are the ultimate natives of Australia make only about one percent of the population. V. Taboos Australia does not have a lot of taboos, but there are a number of

What causes homelessnenn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What causes homelessnenn - Essay Example Rumors may tarnish the quality of a product, but adverts will tend to assure that the product is good. Most people from South America and Canada believe that posters are best for making adverts. Students from Middle East and Asia were of a contradicting opinion saying Televisions are the best for making adverts. Whether pitching or promoting products and services, all businesses need to make advertisements in order to make connections with their current and prospective customers. Small scale businesses face challenges in making choices on whether to spend their small advertising budgets on television or posters. Print adverts often come with lower sticker prices than the television adverts. TV adverts are strong and have a variety of advantages that the posters lack. Making adverts over the television is more effective than the posters because it reaches out to customers over a wide area at the same time. All students from Ilac and one person from Canada said that at one particular point, they bought items because adverts trapped their attention. Brilliant and effective advertising involves making the right message to the appropriate people at the most appropriate time. Adverts have the potential to grab peoples’ minds and thoughts by including two or more brilliant ideas that sweeps people mind and make them to take appropriate action of purchasing a product right away. The adverts will enhance customer-product relationship. Advertising is a method of communication that makes the consumers be fully aware of the specific services and products available in the market. It is crucial to create brand positioning, awareness, and among potential customers. There exist multiple media through which these adverts are made and promoted such as radios, televisions, internet, and printed media (newspapers, magazines, and billboards). Adverts can be made in various forms

Pollution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pollution - Assignment Example Some examples of air pollution include: Exhaust from motor vehicles and airplanes - The combustion of fuels in the engines releases exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and in some cases lead particles into the air. This is the addition of contaminants in water bodies that result in a significant change in physical, chemical or biological state of the water. The resultant effect of contamination can be attributed to an increase in waterborne diseases, suspended sediments, and excessive growth of aquatic plants and death of aquatic animals (Hill, 2010). Some examples of water pollution include: This may take the form of either misuse of the land surface or disposal of both industrial and household waste. Some forms of land misuse are seen in improper agricultural practices and in mineral exploitation (Hill, 2010). Land pollution may be visible or invisible as a result of seepage of the pollutants. The latter is very hard to clean up since the contaminants may be spread over a large area. Some examples of land pollution include: This is the presence of unattractive sites in the human vicinity. This form of pollution is subjective in nature since individuals possess different views in what they term as either attractive or unattractive (Meunier, 2010). Some examples of visual pollution include: I consider water pollution the worst since contamination on one point is spread over to other areas for example pollution of river water can have serious consequences downstream. In addition, water is crucial for the survival of all living things. Thus water pollution affects a wide range of living organism and destruction or death of aquatic organism. Lastly, sometimes it is not easy to know if the water has been contaminated for example, contamination from heavy metals which requires laboratory testing. Pests cause health and economic problems depending on their types and where they inflict their damage. In

WWII Inventions and Innovations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WWII Inventions and Innovations - Essay Example One can only begin to imagine where the world would be now if WWII had not happened. The innovations that resulted from WWII are quite significant and still present in modern society. Some significant events that took place during WWII that have impacted my life as well as the lives of many sometimes go unnoticed but not forgotten. Women took on a new role in society and men fought for freedom. New weapons were created as well as the means for new technology. Hitler’s power was defeated and the Japanese went against the odds and made a surprising attack on Pearl Harbor. This attack began the start of the war and America bombed two Japanese territories that finished the war. The end of the war also marked a milestone in history as this started a new way of life for many. The role of women is one of the most innovative and long running changes that can still be seen in modern society as result of WWII. When WWII began women had a role that left them limited to taking care of the home, children and husband. These roles women had made their presence in the work field limited and their motivation to step up in society low. WWII made it necessary for men to go to war. This meant that the men would be leaving the home and the women were then forced with the burden to take care of everything that they were once before limited too. With many men off to war but the production of war supplies at an all time high, women were encouraged to step up and go to work. Many women not only worked like men once did, but women were also enlisting in the war. The government helped force this upon women with the use of advertising. Many billboards and posters were placed for women to see that encouraged them to step up in society. This is known in history as Rosie the Riveters. The events that WWII had on women and their new role in society have affected lives even to this day. Women are still working many jobs alongside men as well as taking care of the household. Women are mo re outspoken and honored for their many achievements. Without WWII, the role of women in society would not be as flourished as it is because of the result of WWII. The government was also able to use this as a way to investigate the affects that the mass media has on others. The response to the advertising toward women was so successful that the government was able to gain power through motivation. Weapons and technology that were invented during WWII are also used today and can be seen as building blocks for other weapons and technological advances. The medical field, weaponry and communications have come a long way since WWII but without advances made in WWII, many may not have been possible. Weapons and military advancement that have impacted modern day life and helped to advance the war include new ships and guns, the use of navigation and espionage and the rise in factory work this created. Many countries were constantly developing new ways that allowed them to take on a more p owerful stance during WWII. Medical advancements developed during WWII helped many survive injuries and are still used today. Although drugs such as penicillin were created before WWII the need was high for those in the front lines of war. What this meant was that penicillin needed to be mass produced and stored efficiently so that it could be beneficial. The ability to mass produce and distribute penicillin has impacted lives today. Pharmaceutical companies are now able to better keep up with the demand of many medicines that each one of us use every day. Communication as a result of WWII has made many impacts. These impacts include allowing communication to be as advanced as it now is. The results are the

Organizational Culture and Innovation Essay Example for Free

Organizational Culture and Innovation Essay Organizational culture is very important in the pursuit of innovation, which is the major source of competitive advantage in the world today. Organizational culture is central to a company’s pursuit of innovation because it refers to the beliefs, values, attitudes, tradition and overall practices within and without an organization (Hill Jones, 2001). If the culture of the organization permits creative thinking and entrepreneurship, then innovation can certainly flourish. If the organizational culture, however, is very strict and adheres too much to its cherished traditions, routines and way of doing things, then innovation may be stifled and the organization will just rely on what has been tried and tested before. Such culture of adherence to past successes and ways of doing things will be inimical to the performance of the organization in the long run. As new factors, trends and issues in the market appear, the organization should continue to innovate and seek for ways to deliver better products and services that their clients will patronize. An innovative organization will always learn how to make best use of trends and emerging factors in its environment. There are several elements of organizational culture that can either encourage or hinder the pursuit of innovation (Johnson, 1988). The paradigm or the statement of vision and mission of the organization defines what it is all about and from there all activities in the organization are derived. There are also processes, structures and policies in place in the organization. These formal structures can enable innovation in the organization if it is not stringent and strict enough to stifle innovations. The power structures and the character of decision makers can encourage innovation. If there is openness in the leadership, this will trickle down to the grassroots level of the organization and will provide a rich backdrop where innovation can be cultivated. On the other hand, a leadership that puts a premium on seniority and too much authority fosters an adherence to established rules of conduct within the organization. In such a case, the pursuit of innovation may even be looked down as an act of insubordination. The symbols valued by the organization are also important in stimulating innovation and change. Is change and innovation valued in the organization? Are efforts to this end recognized and valued? This is also further exemplified by the rituals and routines in the organization. As innovation becomes praised and recognized throughout the organization, the members of the organization will be motivated to pursue innovation. As the formal structures encourage and praise innovation, so will it extend to the informal stories and myths of the organization. This way, ordinary employees and people at the bottom level of the organizational hierarchy will talk about the importance of innovation in the organization. Organizational culture can work for the pursuit of innovation in any given company or corporation. Organizations should deliberately work for the integration of innovation awareness in all levels. When this happens, the organization will become entrepreneurial, always looking out for means to improve and excel on their chosen niche in the market. With innovation, the organization can continue with its usual activities and it can even expand its operations to other areas where it can perform best. An organizational culture that fosters innovation is a must in this highly competitive world.

Identify Statistics Essay Example for Free

Identify Statistics Essay The Human development Index (HDI) is a general measure of how a country has developed over a certain period of time. It is measured through the use of literacy levels, provision of education, healthcare, life expectancy and the gross domestic product of a country. The HDI of most countries is measured by organizations that would like to use the data for various uses including deciding which of these countries need aid. The HDI of Libya, for instance is placed at 0. 47 in the year 2007. This was an increase of 0. 44% which is substantial. This information was provided by the United Nations in the year 2007. Such statistics are collected by UN for the sole purpose of measuring the rates of development and well-being of the human populations in these regions. It is then important in deciding which of the considered nations need help and in which sectors this help might be most needed (UNDP, 2009). This statistic is a bit misleading due to the fact that some contributing factors are not looked at critically. Some of the factors like democracy and rights are not looked at. Therefore, when looking at the index critically, we realize that such important factors are not considered in determination of the well-being of the general population. This therefore leads us to a conclusion that the calculation might not be able to conclusively portray the right picture to those who are using it.

Environmental Management System (EMS) in an Organisation

Environmental Management System (EMS) in an Organisation 1. How would you summarise the environmental challenge faced by industry at the current time? Since the start of the industrial age, economic growth and the environment have often been in conflict (Florida and Davidson, 2001). Motivated by more than just â€Å"altruistic concerns† (Florida and Davidson: 64) many companies are now taking initiative and incorporating the environment into their business strategy. The environmental challenge to industry comes from a huge number of sources, but it can generally be narrowed down to three directions, commonly known as the ‘green triangle’ (Gale, 1996). Firstly, environmental laws and regulations are forcing industry to improve their environmental performance. Secondly, there is a need to improve company image (Morrow and Rondinelli, 2002), and pressure comes from customers or voters who are interested in less environmentally harmful goods or services (Gale, 1996). Thirdly, an environmental challenge comes from the â€Å"financial, banking and insurance communities who are concerned about the cost of environmenta l accidents or mismanagement† (Gale, 1996). In fact, good environmental management leads to reduced risk which is highly valued by the financial markets (Feldman et al, 1996). 2. Describe the relevance of the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Law of Conservation of Mass to the economic system. The First Law of Thermodynamics is â€Å"the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes†, and the Law of Conservation of Mass is the principle that â€Å"matter cannot be created or destroyed†. These laws apply to the economic system as â€Å"an irreducible whole that develops, maintains, and reproduces, or renews itself be mobilizing material and energy captured from the environment† (Ho, 2005). This is particularly significant to the relationship between the environment and economic systems, as the latter essentially depends on the flow of resources from the natural environment. Therefore, any entropic costs can either be endured by the economic system or the environment. Consequently, â€Å"when the cost of valuable (non-renewable) ecological resources consumed or destroyed are not properly taken into account, the entropic burden falls on the ecological environment rather than on the econo mic system (Ho, 2005). 3. What does the term ‘sustainable development’ mean for industry? The Bruntland Commission’s widely used definition of ‘sustainable development’ is â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs† (WCED, 1987: 43). It is often argued that this definition is intentionally vague with the intent of creating a consensus. And create a consensus it has – â€Å"no one in their right mind is against sustainable development† (The Economist, 2002) – and many international organizations, national and local governments, and businesses have incorporated the concept into their plans. For industry, the term has extended to â€Å"include the simultaneous consideration of economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity in business planning and decision making† (Rondinelli and Berry, 2000: 1). Many businesses, then, have taken on the concept of sustainable development, and have put into practice business plans that allo w them to meet their needs in the present whilst taking the environment into consideration, thereby ensuring that their industry can continue into the future. Any industry that is really striving for sustainable practices â€Å"must be phasing out its use of substances that are systematically at odds with a sustainable world, while measuring what share of the world’s limited regenerative capacity is occupied by its use of renewable resources† (White, 1999, in OECD, 2001: 11). 4. What are the potential benefits for a company successfully responding to the environmental challenge? The potential benefits (economic and environmental) for a company successfully responding to the environmental challenge are too numerous to include them all, so only a limited selection will be discussed here. Though the resulting environmental benefits may not create direct economic benefits for the company, the policies attract (and keep) customers by â€Å"establishing a strong image of corporate responsibility† (Morrow and Rondinelli, 2002:163). In economic terms, though environmental sensitivity is often viewed as being at odds with cost-effectiveness, a study of organizations that implement Environmental Management Systems (EMS) found that â€Å"the majority believe the benefits outweigh the drawbacks† (Darnall et al, 2001). Some examples of how reacting to the environmental challenge can save companies money are by â€Å"improving efficiency and reducing the costs of energy, materials, fines and penalties† (Morrow and Rondinelli, 2002: 162). As mentioned previously, a company that can reduce their environmental incidents and liabilities not only gains from losing those fines, but also profits from decreasing risk, and becoming more attractive in the financial market. 5. Describe the relative advantages of anticipatory controls over continuing controls. Use examples to illustrate your answer. Environmental controls can be described as mechanisms that are used to limit environmental harm. A fundamental aspect of designing an EMS system is developing the controls that will be used. Environmental aspects (see below) must be identified to determine the â€Å"specific facility operations and activities associated with significant environmental aspects† (The Lexington Group, 2005: 40). From this, appropriate control procedures can be created for each activity to limit environmental impacts. Anticipatory controls are more advantageous than continuing controls because they allow an organization to attempt to avoid environmental harm in the first place, and take into account potential, impending environmental harm. If controls are changed in anticipation of a possible environmental impact, this control can attempt to curb damage before it happens. The alternative is continuing control that only changes after an event causes environmental damage and proves that the controls need to be changed. Given the â€Å"irreversibility† of much environmental damage, the advantage of anticipatory controls seems clear. 6. How would you describe the relationship between environmental aspects and impacts? Use examples to illustrate your answer. The ISO 14001 definition of environmental aspects are â€Å"feature[s] or characteristic[s] of an activity, product or service that affect, or can affect, the environment† (Praxiom Research Group, 2005), and environmental impacts are changes to the environment that can be positive or negative (Praxiom Research Group, 2005). Environmental impacts are produced by environmental aspects. For example, many industries often handle oil or other hazardous materials. When these activities are taking place, a possible environmental aspect is the â€Å"potential for accidental spillage† (The Lexington Group, 2005: 35). The effect of this environmental aspect, or the environmental impact, is the â€Å"contamination of soil or water† (The Lexington Group, 2005: 35). When determining the significance of an environmental aspect, it is important to take into consideration the probability, scale, severity, duration, and cost of reduction, of the environmental impact (The Lexingto n Group, 2005). 7. What is the role of the Environmental Policy and how is it defined by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO)? An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a â€Å"systematic approach for managing an organization’s environmental issues and opportunities† (The Lexington Group, 2005: 15). The â€Å"heart and soul† (same as last) of the EMS is the â€Å"environmental policy†, defined by the ISO as a â€Å"statement [that] expresses a commitment to the implementation and maintenance of an organization’s environmental management system and the improvement of its overall environmental performance† (Praxiom Research Group, 2005: 1). The role of environmental policy is to prevent any environmental damage, as well as to ensure any industry is observing any legal or other requirements. An environmental policy should also craft environmental goals, and function as a basic framework for action. 8. What training needs should be considered when implementing an environmental management system (EMS)? â€Å"Effective training programs, including those that raise the environmental awareness levels of all people in the organization, are a critically important element in implementing and maintaining the EMS† (The Lexington Group, 2005: 14). A training program must deal with the importance of the environmental policy with all of the employees, as they â€Å"must understand and recognize the commitments† for the EMS to be successful (Anthony, 2001: 4). Additionally, for an EMS to be successful, all employees must appreciate and comprehend their particular roles and responsibilities, as well as the possible â€Å"consequences of not following operating procedures† (The Lexington Group, 2005: 25). Employees of a given organization should be able to associate and understand how their particular function fits into the wider environmental policy (Anthony, 2001). Depending on who uses or has access to the facility, it may also be advisable to train people other than inte rnal staff, or at least raise their awareness of the EMS (Anthony, 2001). 9. What role does audit play within an EMS and what are the key features of a successful audit? An audit within the EMS system is â€Å"a systematic, documented, objective review of the manner in which environmental aspects of a program, project, facility or corporation are being managed† (APPEGA, 2004: 7). The audit is necessary both to determine the design of the EMS at the start, as well as evaluate the progress of the EMS on a continual basis. An environmental audit at the start ensures that an industry has a â€Å"good understanding of its environmental effects before it [designs a] competent strateg[y] to reduce its impact† (OECD, 2001: 41). The EMS audit is a crucial necessity for any facility’s EMS to ensure that the facility is meeting the requirements of the EMS, and that it is being properly executed and sustained (The Lexington Group, 2005). For an audit to be successful, it is vital that it be â€Å"independent, objective and impartial† (Praxiom Research Group, 2005). A sound audit must also concentrate on priorities, such as particular operations that are associated with high risk, or activities that were singled out in a previous audit. 10. How might you gain senior management approval for the implementation of an EMS and why is such approval important? The Lexington Group, a management consulting firm, states that â€Å"gaining the full and complete support of senior management is the single most important challenge in establishing a formal EHS management system in an organization or facility†. Without the full support of the senior management, an EMS is unlikely to succeed. For example, senior management may approve an EMS but not really be committed, with environmental talk being â€Å"rhetoric rather than reality† (The Lexington Group, 2005:47). An EMS may not be a high priority because the senior management does not recognize the potential benefits. Making the case about the benefits of an EMS may be vital to gaining genuine senior management support. Presenting an account of improved community relations, higher employee productivity, reduced safety incidents, and reduced insurance premiums, all within the framework of cost-reduction, may be the means of gaining the necessary senior management approval (The Lexing ton Group, 2005). Works Cited: Anthony, A (2001) ISO 14001 Environmental Policy (4.2), available from: http://www.deq.virginia.gov/ems/pdf/mod5.pdf APPEGA (2004) Guideline for Environmental Practice, available from: http://www.apegga.org/pdf/Guidelines/18.pdf Darnall et al (2001) ‘Environmental management systems: Opportunities for improved environmental and business strategy?’, Environmental Quality Management, 9(3) pp 1-9. The Economist (2002) The Johannesburg Summit: Sustaining the poor’s development, 29 August 2002. Feldman, S, Soyka, P. and Ameer, P (1996) Does Improving a Firm’s Environmental Management System and Environmental Performance Result in a Higher Stock Price?, ICF Kaiser International. Florida, R and Davidson, D (2001) ‘Gaining from Green Management: Environmental management systems inside and outside the factory’, California Management Review, 43 (3) pp 64-65 Gale, R (1996) ISO 14001 to Tackle Green Triangle, available from: www.web.net/ecoeco/iso14000.htm Ho, Mae-Wan (2005) Are Economic Systems Like Organisms?, available from: www.i-sis.org.uk/hannove.php The Lexington Group (2005), Best Practice Guide: Application of ISO 14000 Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) for Municipalities, available from: http://www.iie.org/programs/energy/pdfs/Applic%20ISO%2014000%20for%20Municipalities.pdf Morrow, D and Rondinelli, D (2002) ‘Adopting Corporate Environmental Management Systems: Motivations and Results of ISO 14001 and EMAS Certification’, European Management Journal, 20(2), pp 159-171 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2001) â€Å"Encouraging Environmental Management in Industry†, Science, Technology, Industry – Business and Industry Policy Forum Series, available from: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/32/2090553.pdf Praxiom Research Group (2005), ISO 14001 2004 Plain English Definitions, available from www.praxiom.com Rondinelli, D and Berry, M (2000), Environmental citizenship in multinational corporations: social responsibility and sustainable development, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. WCED (1987) Our Common Future, the Brundtland Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

A Girl Named Lisa :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

A Girl Named Lisa I was working in the seafood department one day when I saw them...well, her actually. I wondered what her name was. She was about 13 or 14 years old, maybe a bit more, but certainly not old enough to drive yet, or maybe she was. She was with her family, I think...no, I assume. Her father (I assume) was the big guy with a red sash on his waist and a jacket with a yin-yang patch on the front right side of it and it was black. The jacket, I mean. Her mother (I assume) was there too, and...I don't remember anything at all about her. There was another kid there, younger than her, and I assumed it was her brother. She was beautiful. Not in the gorgeous model way or the cute puppy way but in the sort of beauty that just is, Plato's beauty, you know? And I don't know why or how but when I saw her I got a feeling like when you know something's going to happen but you don't know what but you can just tell but it wasn't love. Sorta like butterflies but higher and stronger. Maybe butterflies on steroids. And the feeling stayed, sort of an anticipation. And she went away and I went to work, but I happened to look across the store towards the milk, and she was there. And she looked at me. No, not at me. It was like. . .like when you're driving over a familiar stretch of road and you know it so well that you just stare straight ahead and almost forget you're driving. It was like she knew me. It was like she was me. And then she turned down the cookie aisle and was gone. It had been over a year, and I still hadn't seen her in the store. I honestly didn't know what I'd say if I saw her, but I tried to imagine it. I saw her father (I assume) every week in the store, the same red sash, the same yin-yang jacket, as he bought fruit and eggs and bread and beer and toilet paper. But he never bought fish. And I never said anything to him, and he never noticed me or said Hi. But she noticed me. She knew me. And one day, I knew she would be in the store again, and I would see her standing by the milk, and she would see me standing by the frozen fish.

Does Utopian Socialists offer an attractive political reform? :: essays research papers

Utopia is a term invented by Sir Thomas More in 1515. However, he traces the root two Greek words outopia and eutopia which means a place does not exist and a fantasy, invention. It is widely accepted that Plato was to first to picture a utopian order. In his masterpiece, â€Å"Republic†, he formed the principles of ideal commonsense and his utopia (Hertzler, 1922:7). After the classical age, Sir Thomas More assumed to be the first of the utopian writers in early modern period. As a humanist, he gave the world in his â€Å"Utopia† a vision of a perfect communistic commonwealth (the history of utopian thought). Utopia’s influence on contemporary and rival scholars is so deep that it has given its name to whole class of literature. Following the appearance of More’s Utopia, there was a lack of Utopian literature for nearly a century (Hertzler, 1922:7). This period ended with the works of Francis Bacon, Campanelle and Harrington. These early modern utopians, being the children of Renaissance, filled with a love of knowledge and high respect for the newly truths of science. Thus, they believed that the common attainment of knowledge means the largest participation of all members of society in its joys and benefits. After the period of early Utopians, continuation of a sprit of French Revolution and initial signs of industrial revolution resulted in the emergence of a new group of Utopians called Socialist Utopians (Hertzler, 1922: 181). The word â€Å"Socialism† seems to have been first used by one of the leading Utopian Socialists, St Simon. In politics utopia is a desire that never come true neither now nor afterwards, a wish that is not based on social forces (material conditions and production) and is not supported by the growth and development of political, class forces. This paper discusses the validity of this claim, tries to present and evaluate the political reforms, if any, offered by Socialist Utopians. In order to assess the degree of appeal for the political reforms offered by the Utopian Socialists, their ideals should be examined from both structural and programmatic point of view. Programmatic point of view helps us to clarify the basis of political reforms of the Utopian Socialists whereas the structural point of view forms the theoretical basis of these practical actions and reform plans. The period in which the early socialists were formulating their theories covers the development of industrialism which was causing the dislocation to the situation of existing social groups.

The Internet: Few Rules and No Ethics Essay -- The Wild Wild West, 201

Laws regulate what we do in our everyday life. These rules, however can not keep up with technology. Laws existing to regulate the internet are few and difficult to enforce. A crackdown on internet misuse has begun with the creation of filtering software and the prosecutions of internet offenders. Issues such as child pornography and seducing children over the internet, the downloading and manipulation of copyrighted files and images, and the sharing or accessing of people’s private and personal information are just some of the ethical challenges we face in cyberspace. According to Maxwell Taylor and Ethel Quayle in â€Å"Child Pornography: An Internet Crime†, individuals who are involved in the world of internet child pornography are escaping from their real world lives. The two authors interviewed 13 different convicted offenders in order to understand what happens in this fantasy world and why so many are being lured in (victims, as well as offenders). Through their many conversations they discovered that there is a kind of community created over the internet. One where adult males (and a few adult females) collect and trade pictures of kids and teenagers (of all ages, sometimes including babies) who are posing nude or even involved in any sexual act with an adult. Most of these images are used for personal sexual gratification. There are some who use them like money to get more of these kinds of images, and like money in the physical world, the more you have the higher you are in status. The internet makes their interest readily available, giving them access to this kind of information in massive amounts and in seconds. This underground world becomes an addiction, and often leads to interaction w... ...ng doing, that there is harm being caused, and that they are responsible for their actions is, in my opinion, the first step that needs to be taken to solve this ethical dilemma. Works Cited Taylor, Maxwell and Ethel Quayle. Child Pornography: An Internet Crime. New York: Brunner & Routledge, 2003. Williamson, Larry and Eric Pierson. The Rhetoric of Hate on the Internet: HatePorn’s Challenge to Modern Media Ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics. Volume 18, pp.256-267. Tompkins, Paula S. Truth, Trust, and Telepresence. Journal of Mass Media Ethics. Volume 18, pp.194-212. Kitross, Michael John and A. David Gordon. The Academy and Cyberspace Ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics. Volume 18, pp. 286-307. Nissenbaum, Helen. Hackers and the Contested Ontology of Cyberspace. New Media and Society. April 2004 volume 16, pp. 195-217.

Dell Auditing Essay

Dell’s products Dell’s products can be separated by home and working sections. For personal clients Dell provide personal laptops, desktops, tablets and a sort of accessories. For enterprise and government users, Dell provide office equipment such as PCs, monitors, printers & electronics and Tablets. Workstations and services focus on servers, solutions and software. Dell’s competitors Competitors of Dell including Lenovo, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Asus and so on. Dell’s customers Based on the advantages of stability and advanced technology, the main part of the customers of Dell are government, enterprise and different institutions. The other part of Dell’s customer is family and personal users which focus on PCs, laptops and personal data services. Dell’s suppliers Dell’s global strategy made a wide and lengthy supply chain. 95% of its suppliers with including AMD, Hitachi, Microsoft and Samsung has been disclosed on the website http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/cr-ca-list-suppliers How does Dell market and distribute its products? For personal clients, Dell’s strategy is to customize its products in order to satisfy potential buyers’ requirement. One of the example is the Alienware Gaming PCs, which is designed and manufactured for high standard game player, Dell presented fashion appearance to attract teenagers and powerful performance to fulfill customers who is seeking perfect game experience. Products can be made for different functions and added distinguished accessories. To deal with the large orders from enterprises, government departments and institutions, Dell serves products and services with lower price and higher stability. Under this circumstances, customers will tend to choose Dell’s products constantly and may introduce them to other potential users. What is Dell’s business strategy? Dell is an obviously cost leadership company. Rely on the efficient supply chain, Dell gained superior price advantage. On the tablet and laptop market Dell has to face strong competition from Apple and Samsung but it was still the largest revenue contributor (31% according 10K) because the lower price in 2012. Dell also attempted on Alienware series to enter high performance PC market. Generally, the sources of Dell’s revenue was almost equally provided by enterprise solutions (46%) and services and Personal Client (54%). What are critical business processes for Dell given its basic business strategy? Dell’s cost leadership strategy is mainly supported by its efficient supply chain management. Suppliers for Dell are globally and widely separated in different businesses. Based on the supply system, Dell could ensure lower accessory price and negotiation advantages. Outsource manufacturing and services decreased the inventory and financial risk, which is normally in high technology industry because of product replacement. What accounting information is associated with the critical business processes and how does Dell measure up on that information? Cost of goods sold, inventory, account payable and revenues. What accounting methods does Dell use to report the accounting information associated with critical business processes and what is the risk of material misstatement? Dell uses FIFO to report inventory and revenue is recognized on the moment of shipment. The amount of account receivable is almost half of the current asset which means the highly risk of income statement adjustment. Inventory has been kept in lower level, consider about the return and exchange service, the number of inventory might be misstated either. Professional auditing standards provide guidance on the auditor’s consideration of an entity’s business risks. What is the auditor’s objective for understanding an entity’s business risks? Why does an auditor not have responsibility to identify or assess all business risks? Provide some examples of business risks associated with an entity that an auditor should consider when performing an audit. The purpose of business risks understanding is to offer auditors capability to recognize possible misstatement and make analysis and adjustment. Audit report will be more efficient and reasonable with support of business expertise. Auditors did not participate management process of the company, and sometimes material or highly material information will be presented to auditors. Auditor’s scope may be restricted or independence influence the accuracy of audit report.

Cultural Anthropology Essay

1. How does a culture’s physical environment shape the type of subsistence pattern they practice? How does subsistence impact a culture’s degree of social stratification? How is the degree of social stratification mirrored in religious systems? The amount of sunlight and rainfall and the types of soil, forests, and mineral deposits all have an effect on the type of subsistence pattern a particular society develops. For example, In the U.S society people have different choices to obtain their food such as obtain their food from a fast-food restaurant or obtain their food for cooking from a grocery store or supermarket; other societies have different ways to obtain their food supplies. Which lead us to different type of life practices to get food such as people who live close to sea do fishing practices and people who live near to a desert obtain their food by hunting. The specific biome and environmental conditions may limit the development of certain types of subsistence patterns. For example, Arctic conditions are not conducive to agricultural activities, nor are arid regions suitable for rice production. In some societies of wealth, power and prestige are linked with ownership of land or the number of animals acquired. 2. Describe economic exchange among band societies and it purpose. How does this type of exchange change with different societal types and why? The major form of economic system with band societies is called reciprocal economic system; the system is based on exchanges among family groups as a means of distributing goods and services throughout the society. One of the main reasons for this system of reciprocal exchange is that food and other resources must usually be consumed immediately. There are three types of reciprocity: generalized, balanced, and negative. The most used one among societies is called generalized reciprocity (Own Group), an immediate return is not expected and that the value of the exchanges will balance out in the long run. For example, in our society parents take care of their kids, so you take care of them in their old age. Another one is balanced reciprocity (Other Groups); this type is more direct with immediate return. For example, in our society change money for someone, such as change a dollar for someone to four quarter to use the snick machine. The last one Negative Reciprocity (Rare), it is the attempt to get something out of nothing. For example, in our societies people who go to the car dealer try to take the car for the cheapest price they can and the dealer try to take more money from the buyer. Both of them are negative reciprocity which means try to get something out of nothing. They do them because it makes the life for them easier and without the sharing between them life would be barder and less pleasant. The greater predictability and concentration of resources within a particular region, the more pronounced the conceptions of private ownership and exclusive rights to territory among foragers in comparison to territorial rights among different hunter-gathers. 3.What are some ways in which the higher degree of mobility affects the technologies, subsistence behaviors, and social organization of pastoralists versus horticulturalists? Higher degree of mobility affects the group to maintain a certain number of people in the group to keep it effective to move to another place. To do so, they use this mean called, Fissioning, moving of people from one group to another. Another means of population control is infanticide, the deliberate abandonment or killing of infants, and geronticide, the killing of old people. Higher degree of mobility also affect the technologies. In this case, technology does not refer to just tools or artifacts, but it also includes the cultural knowledge that has to be maintained by the society. All foraging peoples have an extensive knowledge of their environmental conditions and of the appropriciate means of solving technological problems in these environments. Different from horticulturalists, foragers need to know where to find the plants, when to find them during different seasons, which plants are edible, and so on since they need to move during different seasons to pursue game and other resources. Inuit created an extremely complex foraging technology. Because of the weather conditions and the environment, they developed sophisticated techniques for curing hides from caribou and seals to make boots, parkas, and snow goggles. 4. Marriage is a human universal. In what forms does marriage exist and why? What is the function of endogamy and exogamy? How do forms of marriage exchange vary and how does each function to serve society? Marriage provide a systemic form of social mobility for the entire society. Endogamy is a type of marriage between people of the same social group or category. Endogamous marriages are carefully arranged so as to maintain genealogically appropriate kinship bonds and descent relations in the top-ranking descent group. Exogamy is a type of marriage between people of different social group or categories. Having this type of marriage gives significant benefit to the one side of kinship, which does not have as power as the another kinship, because they can share the power once one get married. Most agricultural states practiced some form of marital exchange. The most common type of exchange was dowry- goods and wealth paid by the bride’s family to the groom’s family. Dowry appears to be to the groom’s family exchanges wealth for the bride. The dowry was used as a social exchange between families to arrange a marriage contract.

Role of the Regulatory Body Essay

The parents of Anjum a little girl who is new to your setting moved to England only 3 months ago. Yours is the first setting that they have used for 18 month old Anjum. They have very little understanding of the legislation covering home based childcare or the role of the regulatory body. Consider 4 pieces of legislation that are important for home based childcarers and how you would outline these to Anjum’s parents? How would you go about outlining the 4 different roles of the regulatory body to Anjum’s parents? Relevant Assessment Criteria: 1.1 Outline the current legislation covering home based childcare and the role of regulatory bodies Legislation The most influential legislation comes from the 2004 Children Act, this act arose from the Green Paper ‘Every Child Matters’, the most relevant parts of this legislation for yourselves with regards to Anjum are: Be healthy Stay Safe Enjoy and Achieve Make a positive contribution I will explain to you both how the above relates to Anjums whilst in my care. Be Healthy We will spend a lot of time outside this will allow Anjum to become more physically thus mentally healthy. All snacks and drinks will always be healthy, thus promoting a healthy lifestyle. Stay safe My home environment is safe for Anjum thus preventing accidents to the best that I can. It is a stable environment for Anjum to grow up in, he will be cared for in all regards. Protected from maltreatment, neglect, violence, sexual exploitation and safe from bullying and discrimination. Enjoy and Achieve I will prepare Anjum for school, she will be encouraged to achieve personal and social skills whilst enjoying recreation time. Make a positive contribution Anjum will be encouraged in decision-making throughout the day whilst considering her environment, an example of this would be not to drop litter when we are going for walks. All children in my care will be encouraged to form positive relationships, they will be guided with regards treating their peers on an equal footing to each other, and there will be no bullying and/or discrimination. I will develop self-confidence and good behavior. Role of the Regulatory Body (Ofsted) Ofsted are an independent and impartial service who report to the Government bodies. They inspect all services that provide education to children and young people. Ofsted help to improve our standards for you children. Registration / Inspection Ofsted undertake checks on my household members, such as police records, this is to protect you child from being around people that are a potential danger to children. Ofsted ensure I hold a valid first aid certificate, which shows that I have suitable training in first aid procedures if required at any point. I have signed to say I have agreed to meet a set of requirements set out by Ofsted. I will provide you with my certificate if you require me to, this will show you any conditions of registration that apply to myself. Investigation I will keep a record of any complaints and I will share the results of any investigations with any of my parents if requested by yourself or others. If you have any complaints or concerns that I am not meeting the requirements of registration, you can contact Ofsted directly. Enforcement Ofsted have the powers to ensure that I am providing the requirements and conditions that are stipulated, if I am not they can enforce further conditions and requirements, these are all in place to protect your child and provide the best care possible. If you have any problems with regards to the service I provide you, you can get in contact with Ofsted and report your concerns. Policies and Procedures Accidents Illness and Emergencies Policy Statement: It is my statutory duty to safeguard the children in my care, the safety of your child and any child within my care is paramount at all times. Every measure will be taken at all times to protect your child and any other child from injuring themselves or others. Unfortunately accidents, children become ill and a situation can arise that becomes an emergency and as such please find below the procedure that will be followed if a situation develops. Procedure As a registered child minder I will ensure the following points that relate to a situation are carried out: Once assessment of the injury has taken place I will seek medical help. If medical help is required they are then other requirements that I will follow; I will inform Ofsted under Standard 14.3 and inform my insurance company. If required I will carry out first aid for which I have got the nesseccary training for. Comfort will be given to the child at all times. Contact will be made with yourselves as soon as practically possible. A note will be entered within the accident book, I will ask you to sign the book and then provide you with a copy for your records. Current insurance that I am covered with allows me to carry out certain procedures. If I find myself in a situation which is unfamiliar to myself, I will either contact the child’s guardian/parent or seek medical advise via the doctors of the emergency services. Any procedures or requirements to administrate medication will require a signature from the guardian/parent. Unfortunately medication is required to be given, if this is the case I would ask you to keep me up to date, especially if you have to medical advice. Unfortunately accidents do happen, if this is the case I would ask you to keep me up to date, especially if you have to seek medical advice. Behaviour Policy Statement: It is my statutory duty to encourage children in my care to behave, showing respect to others and themselves at all times. Procedure As a registered child minder I will encourage the children follow the following points which will set a good standard of behaviour for all children: Children will be encouraged to say please and thank you. Children will be made aware of all boundaries and reminded when necessary. Children will be encouraged to listen, understand and follow instructions, I will also listen to all children, asking for their ideas. Children will be encouraged not use bad language. Children will be encouraged to respect each other and property. Children will be encouraged to help with planning the day and activities. I will give praise for all good behaviour. I will give 15 mins, 10 mins and 5 min warnings to end each activity. Parents will be asked to remind their children of the rules whilst in my care. Safeguarding Policy Statement: It is my statutory duty to safeguard the children in my care, ensuring their welfare and all other children. Procedures that I will follow are set by the local safeguarding Children’s board. Procedure: As a registered child minder I will: I will look out for signs of neglect, child abuse both emotionally and sexually. If I have reason to believe that any child in my care is being abused in any way I will report the matter to the Duty Social Worker for Leicestershire Social Services, Child protection Team. Under these circumstances I will not be able to keep information relating to your child confidential, but will need to share it with Ofsted, Social Services and the  Police if requested. Please see the Leicestershire Guidelines protection of child minders, this will be followed by myself on all accounts. I will undertake training via the local council regarding safeguarding and protecting children. Equal Opportunities Policy Statement: It is my duty to give all children in my care the opportunity to undertake all activities and encourage them to reach their full potential. I will encourage equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practices for all children. Procedure: As a registered child minder I will achieve this by: Adapting the activities if required for the children to reach their full potential. I will provide additional help and support if required for children to reach their full potential. All toys within my home will be for both sexes, toys will reflect positive images of children and people from different cultures and abilities. I will acknowledge all relevant legislation. No child in my care will be discriminated against in anyway, whether for their skin colour, culture, gender, ability or religion. I will challenge any remarks that I feel are inappropriate. I will teach children in my care about different cultures and religions, I will use books, puzzles and / or toys and I will cook with the children different types of food to relate to our learning. I will be looking at special festivals and dressing up to represent these. I will encourage children to respect each other, their differences and their needs. I will encourage children and their parents to collect any materials, take photos of any events they attend, this will enable a show and tell. I will not discriminate against any children or parents on the basis of race, age, sexuality, class and or family status. I will act if a child or parent uses any language that is inappropriate.

Baz Lurhmann describes ‘Moulin Rouge’ as ‘audience participation cinema’. Analyse the techniques he uses to remind ‘us we are watching a movie’

Baz Lurhmann describes ‘Moulin Rouge' as ‘audience participation cinema'. With close reference to the opening of the film analyse the techniques he uses to remind ‘us we are watching a movie' From the opening of the film, we can see that Baz Lurhmann uses several techniques such as music, camera angles, set design, costume and lighting, to help create the feeling that we are ‘watching a movie'. He creates this feeling from the idea of making everything unrealistic and stylised, it shows that it could not possibly be real life, therefore reminds ‘us we are watching a movie'. Baz has a wild imagination which is captured in Moulin Rouge; he shows this through techniques such as characterisation, editing, and colour. Even from the very beginning, with the conductor, we can see that the film is unreal. The conductor has theatrical movements which are totally over the top; this does show and remind us that ‘we are watching a movie'. Also the setting of having the large, heavy, red curtain and gold plated frame still gives the ideas of being fantasy and unreal. You can read also Audience Adaptation Paper When we are introduced to Christian, Baz Lurhmann uses several camera techniques to create the stylised effect. He does this when Christian is writing the story; he has a dolly following the text that has been written. It cuts to his face crying and then cuts back to the typewriter. This is emotional; it shows how he is reacting to telling the story of him being in love. The audience are already struck by this and feel as though they already know the character. This helps the film to be â€Å"audience participation cinema†. Whilst Christian is still telling us the beginning of the story and typing, there are cuts of inside Moulin Rouge; this is effective because it simply reminds us that we are watching a movie. Inside the Moulin Rouge, there are bright colours (saturated colour) and vibrant movements but all this is shown through slow motion editing. Outside the Moulin Rouge there is desaturated colour. To end this section of the film, the camera zooms into the words that the character is typing, like a fade or dissolve. When Christian is typing about one year ago, when he first came to Paris, the camera zooms out, rapidly over Paris from his room, and then zooms in to the train station where he is standing. This keeps the audience reminded that the ‘we are watching a movie' because it zooms so rapidly that it's unreal and almost like a dream. There is also a part where is he walking up the to the hillside town of Montmarte the ‘village of sin'. As he walks up there the scenery that he is ‘walking through' is changing. This is obviously unreal and therefore has the same effect of â€Å"watching a movie†. When we first meet the Bohemians' we see different techniques being used. We see Baz Lurhmann using costumes, colour, set design and camera angles in this section. The Bohemians all have different costumes; all their costumes are made of several layers of clothes, with any colour and material. This gives them an idea of them being below people such as Zidler who wears suits. There is an unreal design about them; this reminds us we are â€Å"watching a movie† There is a mid shot, in which we can see all the characters involved with the scene including the unconscious argentine. When they are deciding the lyrics to the song, the camera cuts to all the characters, creates the idea of confusion and hysteria – so many people talking at the same time. We see a close up of Christians face when he bursts into song about the hills being alive with the sound of music. This is very illusory and still reminds us that we are watching a movie. When we first see the Moulin rouge, we see vibrant colours, saturated colours; these stand out well and help illuminate the idea of Moulin Rouge being a theatre – loud, over the top, energetic and alive. The lights and colours are vivid, glitzy and jazzy. Again it has the unreal idea attached to it. Baz Lurhmann didn't want anything to be normal; he wanted wild, lively movements and shots. This again seems unreal and therefore has the stylised approach. Inside the Moulin Rouge it's lively and upbeat, contrast to outside which is dull and boring. Inside there's fast dancing and lots of actions and over the top dance moves. All the characters in Moulin Rouge all have individual identities – dancers, courtesans. They all have their own stage personality and their own costume. This is overwhelming because all the women are over dressed, and area all playing to what the men want. The idea of having all individual costumes to fit the ‘stage' character is effective. We also see characters, inside the night club, of boxers, mermaids, and an even woman with a snake, this is all very unreal and shows that it is too unreal and therefore the audience must be â€Å"watching a movie†. There is a special effect on one section where Zidler does the flips all the way through entrance of the Moulin Rouge to the actual stage area. This is very unreal we can see being super imposed onto the screen but yet it strikes the audience and reminds them about the movie. When Satine retreats from the ceiling, the club turns black. This is to create tension of when she does arrive. Also for lighting the bits of shiny silver sparkle. Satine had an original costume compared to the other girls in the club. Satine wore a diamond outfit – tailed jacket with fishnet tights and a bowler hat. Her lipstick was bright red and it was very feminine. I think that Baz Lurhmann was trying to get across that she was as famous as Marilyn Monroe because she wore that ‘look' too (bus stop look). The swing which she sat on even had diamonds, shows that she better off than the other Moulin Rouge dancers. All the dancers were known as ‘diamond dogs' whereas she was known as ‘the sparkling diamond'. The audience feels they have to watch her because partly of what she is wearing but also because the camera does. And the camera follows her around because she is the centre of attention. Harold Zidler was another colourful character; he wore a bright red jacket, with big boots and white shirts etc. almost like Father Christmas. He had jolly, fluffy hair in forms of a beard and moustache too. The moustache was curled up at the ends; this gave his character more livelihood about him. He looked as though he was the ring master of the circus, in some ways he was. All the costumes were over the top and they all have the unreal attitude with them. This is because they were all original and exaggerated, therefore unreal and stylised. This will remind the audience that what they are watching could not be real life hence it is a movie. The elephant is the centre of the courtyard just outside MR. it's where Satine lives- exclusive and powerful. Its interior is all to do with India – ideas generate for spectacular spectacular. The colours inside the elephant are blues, yellows and reds. Music in the Moulin Rouge was very important. There was always music in the background or the characters were singing a song. Throughout the film music was used in different ways, it created different atmospheres. When Christian first came to Paris and he was talking about never being in love, the music created a comedy effect. Also inside the Moulin Rouge, the music was very upbeat, the can can, it had to be to go with the costumes and dancing, and was a contrast to the music anywhere else in the film. Baz Lurhmann also used different contexts of music, some songs were modern and some were fairly old. The lyrics and songs tell the story of the Moulin Rouge. This is effective because it's different. People don't go around telling stories of their life in song, so this to the audience would remind them that they â€Å"were watching a movie†. Throughout the film there were different genres of music being used. There was hip hop when the dancers all sang Lady Marmalade, rock when Zidler sang the Show must go on, and even pop such as Your Song and Material Girl. All the songs used in the film kept the audience involved and they felt as though they could sing along, which is the audience participating – â€Å"audience participation cinema†. All the techniques that Baz Lurhmann used created the unreal atmosphere that he wanted to create to remind the audience that they were â€Å"watching a movie†. All the elements in each technique was exactly what Baz Lurhmann wanted, when put together all the elements and techniques created an emotional, contrasting film which I thoroughly enjoyed.