Essay on Death Of A Salesman - 2176 Words

Death Of A Salesman In Arthur Miller’s ’Death Of A Salesman’, Miller uses several techniques to show attitudes to success held by the characters. There are many indicators of success in this play which are, the ideas of being wealthy, the performance on their job, to have power and status. Some of the techniques he uses to show this are the use of motifs, the American Dream, language, stage directions and also through sequence in the past. One of the motifs Miller uses to show the attitude of success is the idea of being ‘well-liked’. This is mainly shown through the character of Will Loman. Willy seems to think that if a person is ‘well-liked‘, it will excuse anything and everyone opens up for him. Willy got this†¦show more content†¦Willy cannot see who he and his sons are because he believes they are great men who have what it takes to be successful in the business world. Unfortunately, he is mistaken as Willy and his sons are not, and cannot, be successful. As a result, Biff, a star football player in high school, feels like he can get by in life on his looks and personality. He finds out, however, that these qualities do not bring success to him as he flunks math and cannot go to college, and amounts to nothing in life. Happy is also mislead - he encourages Biff in his illusions, telling him he should be able to borrow any amount of money from Bill Oliver because Biff is so ‘well liked.’ Additionally, Happy tries to make himself well liked, especially by surrounding himself with women, but he finds himself to be very empty and lonely. Later on in the play, as Willy completes his plans for his suicide he hopes that the insurance money payable on his death will give Biff the start he needs, and also proving to his sons how ‘well-liked’ he was by picturing customers and salesmen all over New England coming to his funeral. This pleases Willy seeing that it will result in his sons respecting him. We soon, however, find out that no-one attended the funeral. â€Å"Why didn’t anyone come?† Linda’s cry has a deep effect on the audience. Miller shows us that Willy had lived by his dreams - but the wrong dreams.Show MoreRelatedThe Death Of A Salesman1496 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Today, the play The Death of a Salesman is celebrated in many theatres. The play is regarded as one of the finest dramas of American theater play. It was written in 1949 by an American playwright Arthur Miller. After the play was produced, it was first opened at the Morosco Theatre and starred Lee J Cobb as Willy Loman, Cameron Mitchell as Happy, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Howard Smith as Charley and Arthur Kennedy as Biff. The play has been revived on Broadway four times and won manyRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman857 Words   |  4 PagesSome stories have stood the test of time. These stories are relatable are leave readers feared perplexed. Oedipus the King is the tragic story of a man whose figurative blindness at a young age lead to his literal blindness at an old age. The Death of a Salesman converts this to a modern society of a man who just wants to do good for his family but doesn t see the effect of his actions. Although 2400 years separate these stories, readers can still relate to both the same. The genre of tragedy is interpretedRead MoreDeath of a Salesman990 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss â€Å"Death of a Salesman† as a film. How could this film be more film-like? The well known late 1980’s play Death of a Salesman was beautifully crafted and opened my mind up to the reality of some people’s fantasies. When I first began to watch the play, I had immediately noticed that it was a play and not a movie. Usually in a film, there is a hero, heroine, climax, something they are fighting for, and usually (nine times out of ten) a happy, heroic ending. This movie included none, atRead MoreDeath of a Salesman606 Words   |  3 PagesWilly Loman: Victim of the American Dream Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman tells the tale of Willy Loman, a man who falls from the top of the capitalism system in a resonant crash. Being controlled by his fears of the future, and stuck in his memories of the past, Willy fully contributes to his self-victimization by putting little blame on his own mistakes. Although Willy is perceived as selfish, it is important to see that he is misguided. His character is one of a common man, he has neverRead MoreThe, Death Of A Salesman909 Words   |  4 Pagesdesire to be the breadwinners of the family, wish to achieve only success, become unemotional and might take dangerous risk to prove manhood. Many feminist novels, plays or short stories such as Frankenstein, â€Å"A Dollhouse†, â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper†, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† showcase the ill effects of gender roles. Women had to fight to have the same advantages and opportunities that men possess. Before modern times, many people would believe that a woman s place is in the home but now it is common for the modernRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman1024 Words   |  5 PagesVictoria Gutierrez Professor Gilbreath Drama 10 6 April 2015 1026 Words The Death of A Salesman San Joaquin Delta College presented Arthur Miller s Death of A Salesman on Sunday the twenty-second of March at 2 o clock in the afternoon. This play is about a young man and his father coming to terms with the past and their futures. Willy Loman, an old salesman, is dealing with both financial and health difficulties. He is put under even more pressure when his unsuccessful son, Biff, returnsRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman859 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death of a Salesman is a heart-wrenching story of a man named Willie, and his fight for economic freedom. The story takes place in 1931, and it starts off with Willie’s faint memory of his father, who was a flute maker and a salesman. Willie is a sixty three-year-old salesman who has work his entire life to achieve the common goal of the American Dream. Nevertheless, while trying to achieve economic freedom he ends up becoming trapped in the process. Willie in a lot of ways, died before his carRead MoreDeath of a Salesman915 Words   |  4 PagesDefine The American Dream. In what way does Death of a Salesman point out the hopelessness of chasing this dream? Are there any rewards? The idea of the American Dream is truly subjective. To some, it is living in the lap of luxury in all aspects. To others, it is a chance at a better brighter opportunity for themselves or their families. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman portrays the promise of the American Dream in the form of opportunity, freedom, success and wealth; the ability to acquireRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman995 Words   |  4 PagesHope Miller’s play, The Death of a Salesman (1949) was about a family, and their struggles for the American dream. The family composition was not unlike that of an average family, a mom, a dad, and two children. Mom, Linda, tended to the house, oversaw the finances, as well as the lives of the remaining family members. Dad, Willy, supported the family as an on-the-road salesman. At first, Willy’s outbursts were confusing, but as I read the outbursts began to unfold the meanings buried in the storylineRead MoreDeath of a Salesman1187 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman There are some who would argue that it is precisely the ultra-capitalist mentality of individuals like Willy Loman that has propelled the American Economy to global dominance, but Arthur Miller’s classic work â€Å"Death of a Salesman† begs the question: at what cost? What does it do to a person, this desperate need to â€Å"be number one man?† Each of Willy’s sons draw a different lesson from his life and their assertions about how one should live offer a compelling choice for modern

Of superstition Essay Example For Students

Of superstition Essay It were better to have no opinion of God at all, than such an opinion, as is unworthy of him. For the one is unbelief, the other is contumely; and certainly superstition is the reproach of the Deity. Plutarch saith well to that purpose: Surely saith he I had rather a great deal, men should say, there was no such man at all as Plutarch, than that they should say, that there was one Plutarch that would eat his children as soon as they were born; as the poets speak of Saturn. And as the contumely is greater towards God, so the danger is greater towards men. Atheism leaves a man to sense, to philosophy, to natural piety, to laws, to reputation all which may be guides to an outward moral virtue, though religion were not; but superstition dismounts all these, and erecteth an absolute monarchy, in the minds of men. Therefore atheism did never perturb states; for it makes men wary of themselves, as looking no further: and we see the times inclined to atheism as the time of Augustus CÃÆ'ƒÂ ¦sar were civil times. But superstition hath been the confusion of many states, and bringeth in a new primum mobile, that ravisheth all the spheres of government. The master of superstition, is the people; and in all superstition, wise men follow fools; and arguments are fitted to practice, in a reversed order. It was gravely said by some of the prelates in the Council of Trent, where the doctrine of the Schoolmen bare great sway, that the schoolmen were like astronomers, which did feign eccentrics and epicycles, and such engines of orbs, to save the phenomena; though they knew there were no such things; and in like manner, that the Schoolmen had framed a number of subtle and intricate axioms, and theorems, to save the practice of the church. The causes of superstition are: pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies; excess of outward and pharisaical holiness; overgreat reverence of traditions, which cannot but load the church; the stratagems of prelates, for their own ambition and lucre; the favoring too much of good intentions, which openeth the gate to conceits and novelties; the taking an aim at divine matters, by human, which cannot but breed mixture of imaginations: and, lastly, barbarous times, especially joined with calamities and disasters. Superstition, without a veil, is a deformed thing; for, as it addeth deformity to an ape, to be so like a man, so the similitude of superstition to religion, makes it the more deformed. And as wholesome meat corrupteth to little worms, so good forms and orders corrupt, into a number of petty observances. There is a superstition in avoiding superstition, when men think to do best, if they go furthest from the superstition, formerly received; therefore care would be had that as it fareth in ill purgings the good be not taken away with the bad; which commonly is done, when the people is the reformer.

The Clinton Scandal Essays - Lewinsky Scandal, Rodham Family

The Clinton Scandal Over the past month's our president William Jefferson Clinton has been under fire over his personal affairs with a young intern. Eventually in court he lied under oath about ever having a sexual relations with the twenty-one year old intern Monica Lewinsky. He also came out on national television and said he didn't do it, which really added up. Polls show that the presidential ratings are higher than ever. Many Americans believe that Clinton is doing a good job. His current ratings are about 65% so most likely the president will not be removed from office. They still believe that he did a wrongdoing but they seemed to forgive him because that's his personal life and out country/economy is at a great high. Also some of the ratings come from his great speeches. This is a quote from Tom Brookaw a respected journalist on NBC, "It seems every time Bill comes out to addresses us he delivers block buster speeches". In which these speeches motivate people and people believe him because most of everything he says he does. Another thing Bill Clinton did was balance the budget. By year 2000 we will have a surplus in money from billions may be even trillions of dollars. With all this extra money we could put some good use to it. We should be careful not to waste the dough on stupid things. Most of the extra bills will go towards saving social security. So when we need it, it will be there when we retire some day. Many people were worrying that it might run out one day but now we don't have to fret. Still some Americans believe that our president should be removed from the White House. They know that he had a sexual affair and that he abused his powers to cover-up what he did. Some believe he had other affairs as well. It really isn't anyone's business what he does with his personal life, as long as our country is doing well. He also lied under oath trying to cover-up his scandal. Too me that's what I would do under all that pressure. You wouldn't want people to know about that stuff. We never really hear about all the people (Republicans, Judiciary comity, etc) who don't like Clinton because at one point in their lives they most likely had an affair too. For instance the ex-speaker of the house Bob Livingston came out and announced his affair. Only the smart ones who decide not to mess around are the ones who have to worry about anything. Overall the president William Jefferson Clinton to me is doing a really good job. Our economy/country is higher than ever. Un-employment is at an all time low. We all know he did some thing wrong but that is his personal life and is none of our business. It's too bad that Bill has to go down as the second president to be impeached and all the food things that he did will be forgotten. But he choose to do what he did and that was his fault.

Breath Right Essays

Breath Right Essays Breath Right Essay Breath Right Essay When we foremost began marketing this merchandise. what was so sweet. peculiarly as a doctor were the literally 1000s of letters and phone calls we would have speaking about how much better people slept at dark. Almost all the letters began with thank you. thank you. thank you! Just three thank you’s. It was. I haven’t acquire a good night’s slumber like this in 10 old ages. What is Dr. Dan Cohen. CEO of CNS. Inc. . speaking about? Its Breathe Right ® rhinal strips. the advanced adhesive tablet with a little spring inside that. when attached to the olfactory organ. pulls the nasal passages unfastened and makes it easier to take a breath. Since its debut in the United States. Breathe Right strips have been coveted by jocks trusting to better their public presentation through increased O flow. snorers ( and more frequently. snorers’ partners ) trusting for a sound night’s slumber. and allergy and cold sick persons looking for alleviation for their stuffed olfactory organs. The Breathe Right ® strip was invented by Bruce Johnson. who suffered from chronic rhinal congestion. At times he would set straws or paper cartridge holders up his olfactory organ at dark to maintain his nasal passages unfastened. After puttering in his workshop for old ages. he came up with a paradigm design for the Breath Right ® strip. He brought the paradigm to CNS. which was in the slumber upsets diagnostic equipment concern at the clip. Dr. Cohen knew immediately the market for the strips would be immense. After the merchandises received Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) blessing and became successful in the market CNS divested its other involvements and went to work marketing the strips full clip. Bing a little company. CNS did non hold the budget to establish a large-scale selling run. But it got the interruption it needed when Jerry Rice. the broad receiving system for the San Francisco 49ers won the 1995 Superbowl. The full state became cognizant of the merchandise overnight. and demand for the strips increased dramatically. An indicant of this national consciousness was treatment on Television talk shows and even visual aspects of the strip in sketchs. The jobs that the Breath Right ® strip solves – saw wooding. congestion – are non alone to the US population. Besides. with the media being so planetary today. people around the universe were seeing US jocks have oning the strip and inquiring how they could acquire their olfactory organs on some. CNS decided to take Breath Right ® international. But because it was still a comparatively little company and had no experience in the planetary market topographic point. it opted to take on a distribution spouse that had extended planetary mercantile establishments already in topographic point every bit good as the ability to market the merchandise abroad. 3M. shapers of such merchandises as Post-It notes and the leader in stick-to-skin merchandises around the universe became the international distributer for Breath Right ® strips. David Reynolds-Gooch. International Business Manager at 3M. explains that the strips tantrum in good with 3M’s bing adhesive line of first-aid merchandises and are sold in channels with which 3M has extended purchase: pharmaceuticss. hypermarkets and nutrient markets. 3M agreed to take control of all the selling and communicating duties in add-on to the distribution in return for a per centum of the gross revenues gross of the strips. The strips are co-branded in the international markets. The bundles say both Breath Right ® and 3M. 3M introduced the Breath Right ® strip in Japan. and so it was rolled out in Europe. and now can be found in more than 40 states from Australia to South America. 3M used a similar attack to that used by CNS in the US. Create consciousness during the debut stage through public dealingss – athleticss related and otherwise. The first twelvemonth we had unbelievable PR success remembers Reynolds-Gooch. We believe we got approximately $ 14 million worth of free Television. wireless. and print clip around the universe. This was done through such tactics as holding the South African rugger squad wear the strips while it won the World Cup of rugger and holding pulmonologists and take a breathing experts describe the benefits of the merchandise on talk shows in Japan. Australia. Europe and Latin America. CNS rapidly discovered some major differences in marketing the merchandise here and abroad. For case. as Gary Tschautscher. Vice President of International Marketing at CNS explains. In the US. we positioned and distributed the strips as portion of the cough/cold class of merchandises. As we rolled it out internationally. all of a sudden we realized in some states that subdivision in the shop doesn’t even exist. So where make you place your merchandise? Additionally. says Reynolds-Gooch. There truly aren’t many big drug ironss or pharmaceutics ironss. The shops are independent in most states by jurisprudence. So what that means is you have to travel through multiple beds of distribution and finally we were able to act upon the druggist because of the other merchandises 3M distributes in the shops. Finally. there is no couponing in most states in the universe. That vehicle for bring oning test of a new merchandise is non available. and therefore a batch more in-store sa mpling is needed. Both CNS and 3M face some issues for the hereafter as Breathe Right strips addition in popularity around the Earth. While the athletic section of the market gets most of the promotion. the snorers are the majority of the market for the strips internationally. Reynolds-Gooch has identified making heavy users – those who use the strip every dark – as the most of import selling point for the hereafter. in front of people with seasonal colds or allergic reactions. Besides. many of the markets that have been identified as hot new markets throughout the concern community may non be appropriate of the Breath Right ® strip. For illustration. Latin America and Asia ( particularly China ) are emerging markets with steadily increasing income degrees and big populations. but the mean age in these states is under 30. and people under 30 typically do non hold saw wooding jobs with the frequence that older people do.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

Art - Essay Example It also appears that the art is full of ideas and depictions, which are symbolic to the events that took place at the time. However, one can deduce that the art evokes spiritual emotions from the beauty and colors used in the art. The designer of the image adopted the use of the ‘arch’ and integration of the Doric and Ionic columns. Peebles and mosaics have been for decoration purposes. There is also the use of formal elements in order to evoke the above kind of impression. The main medium used is oil. This improves the beauty and quality of the work. Space has also been adequately used and appropriately organized in order to pass the intended message to the viewer. The other important thing is about the use of light and color. These two have been dynamically used to achieve contrast and drama. They have also been used to offer ‘transitions’ instead of using lines during painting. This is what makes the image very outstanding. The paintings is produced from oil color and light. It is through the use of the two that contrast is easily achieved. Another important thing is that the designer of the image appears to have created it in three dimensions in order to make it more outstanding. This is something achieved by painting using oil and light accordingly. Reflecting on the image, it should be observable that architecture is a form of art, and therefore, it is capable of borrowing a lot from the ancient, pre-modern and even from the post-modern periods in order to pioneer new but stylish images. In this case, the use of historical references on this image helps understand how most of the ancient architectural elements were used since they cannot be viewed today anyway (Fairbanks 103). This is because most of these ancient buildings have collapsed a long time ago. However, studying them offers insights to the architectural elements and how they can be applied in modern designs. Another

Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Consumer Behavior - Essay Example The process by which consumers gathers information about a product by the internal stimuli and interprets can be defined as the perception of a consumer (Williams, 2008, p.27). Decision making about the purchase of a certain product by problem findings, information search and expected outcome evaluation can be defined as Decision making process of a consumer (Hoyer and Maclnnis, 2008, p.62). The study will uncover the effects of consumer personalities, perception and decision making process towards LG washing machine. For the purpose of study LG the company has been selected. The company initially headquartered in Korea, produced TVs, Radios, Refrigerators, Washing Machines and Air-Conditioners. LG is a Merge of two Korean Companies Lucky and Goldstar. Presently LG is a leading electronics company worldwide. Consumer Personalities A company may have to deal with seven consumer personalities to its products. 1) Customers of â€Å"Child-Like† personality is always are open to ev ery sales pitch. To sell a product to them is much easier. 2) The â€Å"Judgmental Authority figure† is the second personality spectrum. They are also open to sales pitch and moreover they believe in company’s promotional strategy. It is easy for a company to sell them the products. 3) â€Å"Socializes† is the third type of personality spectrum, who used to develop a good relationship with the marketers; they never argue but avoid the sales coordinators. It is little tricky for the marketers to sell them the products. 4) The fourth spectrum of personality is the â€Å"Relaters†. These types of customers have the tendency to agree with the marketers about the Products’ knowledge. It is much easier for the coordinators to sell the products. 5) The fifth spectrum is the â€Å"Argumentative Barterer† who used to negotiate with the marketers. According to company to sell them product is little difficult. 6) The sixth spectrum, where the main prob lem arises to the company, that is the â€Å"Bargain Hunter† who use to negotiate little bit harder. The personality of these consumers is to make a better deal. 7) The last type of consumer personality is â€Å"Mature Hunter†. It is very difficult for marketers to close a deal with the consumers as they use tricky negotiations (Hanan, 2011). Basis on LG French Door refrigerator the marketers have to face consumers such as personality of child-like consumer and Judgmental Authority. LG is a leading electronics brand globally. The unique features in the refrigerators, implementation of advanced technology and the easy and time consuming accessibility will attract the consumers. As a result the company does not have to face unfavorable consumer personality. Consumer Perceptions Consumer perception includes price perception, quality perception and risk perception. Price perception is all about the difference of actual price and the perceived price of products. The consume rs perceive about the price basis on the product accessories, size features and other existing products of the company. Quality is an intangible factor that may affect the products. The advertisement, promotional strategy helps the customers to perceive about the product quality. Quality perception is the difference between actual and perceived quality of the product. Risk perception depends upon the situation, people, product and culture, brand value of the company. Here consumers make the decision to buy a product without thinking about

Concepts of Electrical Principles

Concepts of Electrical Principles Everything is made of atoms; in turn atoms consist of a combination of minuscule particles known as neutrons, protons and electrons. The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons while electrons exist in a cloud surrounding and rotating around the nucleus. The electron and proton are capable of holding an electrical charge; electrons hold negative charges and protons positive charge. We know that like charges repel each other while opposite charges have the opposite effect in attracting one another. If we wish to measure the flow of electrons around a circuit we refer to this as a measure of electrical current. Electric current is represented by the symbol I and is a quantity of charge carriers passing a given point in a circuit. This is calculated as coulomb of charge passing a defined point in one second, which as a unit is given the name ampere abbreviated to A. This can be measured using an instrument called an ammeter which when connected in series with a circuit to measure the current passing through it. For electric current to flow around a circuit there must be a voltage across it. Voltage is a measure of the potential difference (p.d), which acts like electric pressure pushing the current around the circuit. The pressure can be read in a circuit by a voltmeter, which must be applied through the resistance. This happens when there is a deficit of electrons in a conductive material and this is then connected to another material with excess electrons. This is the case in a battery where chemicals allow electrons to flow from the negative terminal that contains an excess of electrons and the positive terminal containing positively charged protons. This happens because opposite charges attract one another. 1.4 Resistance This flow of current faces opposition from resistance; this is a quantity of how much the electrons bump against the particular conductor they are flowing through. Some materials conduct electricity better then others. Materials that have a high resistance conduct electricity less well. Resistance limits the flow of electrons between the positive and negative ends of a circuit. We measure resistance in units called ohms (ÃŽÂ ©). One ohm is defined as the amount of resistance you have in a conductor when applying one volt of electrical pressure creates one amp of current. 1.5 Energy When electrons sit high in there shells surrounding the nucleus they have electrical energy. This energy can be harnessed to do work in various ways, if the electrons bump into atoms this can cause them to move around which creates heat, they create electromagnetic waves as they travel which can use there attraction and repulsion to move things magnetically, and if the electrons move down there electric shells they give up excess energy giving out light in the manner of photons. 1.6 Charge Carriers The sub-atomic particles that carry charge are known as protons and electrons as previously discussed electrons are negatively charges while protons are positively charged. The unit to measure the quantity of electrical charge (Q) is the coulomb (C) where 1 coulomb of charge is equal to charged electrons. If one coulomb of charge passes a point in one second we say this is one ampere of current. We can use our knowledge of math to deduct that if then if we take (I) as the current in amperes and t as the time in seconds then: Electrical Principles/ Kirchhoffs Laws 2.1 Potential Difference The pull created by the difference in charge between the two sides of a circuit is called the potential difference, which is otherwise known as the voltage. Voltage sources that have higher attractive forces are known to have a higher potential difference. The units we use to measure voltage/potential difference is known as the ampere which is explained in section 1.6 as one coulomb of charge passing a given point in one second. 2.2 Ohms Law a) Ohms law relates Voltage, Current and Resistance in the following equation: I = current in amperes V = voltage in volts R = Resistance in Ohms This law states that the current I flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage applied to it and inversely proportional to the resistance. b) For a 5m length of wire with a resistance of 600 ohms we can apply this law. If you where to half the length of wire you would half the resistance as there would be half as much material for the electrons to bump into. c) If we where to increase the length of the wire to 8m we can see that the resistance increases as create more material for the electrons to crash into. d) To find the length of the same wire when the resistance is 420 ohms we do the following sum: So we can say that the same wire with a resistance of 420ohms would measure 3.5 meters. 2.3 Resistance Variation If a piece of wire has a cross sectional area of 2mm2 and a resistance of 300 ohms Find the resistance of the same length of wire if the cross sectional area is 5mm2. Given that resistance is inversely proportional to cross sectional area, increasing the cross sectional area increases the flow of electrons, we can calculate this mathematically as such: b) Find the cross sectional area of a wire of the same length and material of resistance 750. 2.04 Calculate the resistance of a 2km length of aluminium overhead power cable if the cross sectional area of the cable is 100mm2. Take the resistivity of aluminium to be 0.03 x 10-6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦m Show the equation you are using in your answer. We know that and that if we combine these rules we can create the formula . With one more piece of information we will be able to take the material used into account. This is done by including the resistivity of the material into the relationship treating it as a constant of proportionality. We use the symbol à Ã‚  (Greek rho). The final equation will look like this: 2.5 Power If electrical energy (W) = Charge (Q) x Voltage (V) then :- a) Show the equation for power in terms of current( I) and voltage (V). Electrical Energy (W) = Charge (Q) x Voltage (V) W = Q x V Power (P) = Current (I) x Voltage (V) P= V x I b) Using Ohms law explain how power can also be expressed in terms of I and R, and, V and R. P= V2/R P = I2R C) An e.m.f. of 250V is connected across a circuit resistance and the electric current through the circuit resistance is 4A. What is the power dissipated in the circuit? 2.6 a) To discover the potential difference across the winding we use Ohms law as follows: Voltage (V) = Current (I) X Resistance (R) V= 5A X 100ÃŽÂ © V = 500V b) If we wish to find the power dissipated by that same coil we use our equations for power: Power (W) = Voltage (V) X Current (I) P= 500V x 5A P = 2500 Watts 2.7 A 12V battery is connected a load having a resistance of 40ÃŽÂ ©. a) Determine the current flowing in the load. For this we must again use Ohms law rearranged to make I the subject. I = V /R I = 12V / 40ÃŽÂ © I = 0.3 Amps Determine the power consumed by the load. To calculate this we use our power equation again using the figure we just calculated for the current. P = VI P = 12V x 0.3A P = 3.6 watts c) Determine the electrical energy dissipated in 2 minutes. Electrical Energy (W) = Charge (Q) x Volts (V) Current is charge per second and we discovered that this circuit runs 0.3Amps, finding how much energy is dissipated in 2mins first requires changing minutes to seconds. 2mins = 120 seconds W = Q x V W = (120 X 0.3) x 12V W = 432 Watts 2.8 a) Explain what is meant by one unit of electricity with reference to Electrical Charge (Q), Voltage (V) and Time (T). A standard unit of electricity is usually calculated as a Kilowatt-hour (KWh), Which is 1000 watts of electricity dissipated for one hour. SEE MY BOOK ON THIS b) Determine the power dissipated by the element of an electric fire of resistance 20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ when a current of 10A flows through it. For this situation we are provided with the current at 10A and the resistance at 20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ therefore we can use our power equation to find how much power is dissipated. P = I2R P = 102 x 20 P = 2000 watts c) If the fire is on for 6 hours determine the energy used and the cost if 1 unit of electricity costs 13p. Firstly we take the power consumption in watts from we determined in question b then apply the following equation to it: Cost per Unit x Watts / 1000 Multiply the per-hour cost by the running time. 26p x 6h =  £1.56p 2.9 Analyse this resistors in series circuit: a) Express V in terms of V1, V2 and V3. VT = V1 + V2 + V3 Voltages in this circuit will each have a different value if the resistances are different but if you add all the values together they should in total equal the supply voltage. b) Express the total circuit resistance (RT) in terms of R1, R2 and R3. Resistances in series always add together. This can be expressed as: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 c) Express in terms of I what the electric current is through the ammeter-A, R1, R2 and R3. In a series circuit the current is the same in any part of the circuit so readings using the ammeter would be the same as any reading taken on each of the resisters R1, R2 or R3. 2.10 A 12V battery is connected across a circuit having three series-connected resistors of resistances 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and 11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. a) Determine the electric current through the circuit. As this is a series circuit the current would be the same throughout the circuit, to calculate this we must use ohms law, first we know that resistances add together in a series circuit to give the resistance total. 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ + 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ + 11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = RT = 24à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Then we must implement Ohms law: I =V/R I = 12V / 24à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ I = 0.5A b) Determine the p.d. across the 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor. Via Ohms law and our previous current calculation, we calculate the voltage across the 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resister. V2 = I x R1 V2 = 0.5 x 9 V2 = 4.5 Volts c) Determine the power dissipated in the 11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor. P = I2R P3 = 0.52 x 11 P3 = 2.75 W 2.11 Two resistors are connected in series across a 24V supply with a flow of electric current of 3A within the circuit. If one of the resistors has a resistance of 2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ determine: a) The value of the other resistor. R2 = RT R1 R2 = 8 2 R2 = 6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Trusting in Ohms law we can find the value of the other resistor using the values given for total voltage and current and knowing that resistances in series add together to give the resistance total. RT = V/I RT = 24/3 RT = 8à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ b) The p.d. across the 2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor. Solving this requires Ohms law. V1 = I x R1 V1 = 3A x 2ÃŽÂ © V1 = 6 Volt c) How much energy is used if the circuit is connected for 50 hours. P=VI P=24v x 3 P=72W 50h = 180000s W = Q x V Q (charge) = I (current) x t (time) W =180000 x 72 W = 12960000 Watt/joules 2.12 Analyse the resistors in parallel circuit. a) In terms of V, express the p.d. across R1, R2, and R3. V= I1R1 = I2R2 = I3R3 We see that the voltage is the same across each resistor. b) Express the total load current I in terms of I1, I2, and I3. 2.13 For the circuit shown below, determine: a) The reading on the ammeter, In a purely parallel circuit the voltage will be the same in each branch of the circuit. V=I x R V = I1 x R1 V = 8 x 5 = 40V I = V/R3 I = 40/20 = 2A b) The value of resistor R2. We now have all the values for I, = 11 8 2 = 1A R2 = V/I2 R2 = 40/1 R2 = 40à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 2.14 Find the value of resistor that can replace the six resistors in this diagram. We know that resistances in series can be added together to give the total resistance, in this example we have a parallel network of resisters in series with 3 more resisters. Treating this parallel network as a single resistance will allow us to calculate the total resistance of the circuit easily. Convert the resistances to conductance: Adding them together gives us the total conductance 0.52G This can then easily be converted to resistance. Now the parallel circuit can be treated as a single resister, we can add all the resistors together and find the total resistance of the circuit giving us the value of a resister we can replace it with. 2.15 Analyse the circuit below and determine: The currents I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, and I6 We can treat the two sets of parallel resisters as single resisters if we first convert them to conductance and then for each add the conductances together then convert back to resistance. For the set of 3 parallel resisters: The Set of two: The three resisters can be added to give our RT We can now add these conductances together giving us our total conductance for the set of two resistors. This can then be converted to a combined resistance easily: We now proceed to do this for the set of three resistors: We now have the equivalent of 3 resistors in series, which we know can be added together to create a single resistance: Now that we know the total resistance for the circuit we can find I1 easily using Ohms law: We must now find the voltages V1, V2 and V3 in order to later find the currents through the network branches. =20V And now V2 Next I will calculate V3 We can check this by adding all of the voltages to see if they equal the total voltage we have been given. This is over by 1.4V but I believe this is due to the compound effects of the rounding bug and that the calculations made are correct. We know that the current through I1 is 5A now we will work out the currents through the branches of the parallel resistances using Ohms law: 2.16 State Kirchoffs first (current) law. Show that the currents I2 and I3 combined are equal to the input current I1 Kirchhoffs Current Law states: The sum of the currents entering a particular point must be zero. So all currents entering a point must equal all the currents flowing from it. Therefore we must now think of the currents flowing from the junction as negative currents. i1  +  i2  +  i3  +  i4  = 0 Observing our circuit we see 11A of current going in, this means that the same amount of current must come out. Therefore To prove this we calculate I1 and I2 using Ohms law I2= V/R I2=10/10 I2= 1A I3= V/R I3=10/1 I3= 10A We can now calculate I1 expecting it to equal our given figure of 11A. I1= I2 + I3 I1=10+1 I1=11A 2.17 Using Kirchhoffs first (current) law, calculate current I1 and I2 in the network below. Kirchhoffs first current law states that the sum of the current entering a point must be zero. Examining the junctions we have 1.2A and 4.5A flowing in and 0.6A and I1 are flowing out. 1.2 +4.5 = I1+0.6 1.2 + 4.5 0.6 = I1 I1= 5.1A For I2 there are three currents flowing in but none flowing out. This must mean that the last value is a negative value. 5.1+3 + I3 = 0 8.1 + I3 =0 I3 = 8.1A 2.18 The potential divider shown below is used as a simple voltage calibrator. Determine the output voltage produced by the circuit: (a) When the output terminals are left open-circuit (i.e. when no load is connected); We can solve this using the Voltage Divider Rule. Connecting a resistor to V-out will create a parallel resistor network. We can use the product over sum formula to find the comparable resistance because there are only two resistors. to 1 dp With this information we can calculate the voltage. V=0.2V 1dp 2.19 A moving coil meter requires a current of 1 mA to provide full-scale deflection. If the meter coil has a resistance of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and is to be used as a milliammeter reading 5 mA full-scale, determine the value of parallel shunt resistor required. REVIEW ME Make the meter useable over 5ma by adding a resistor to switch the range of the meter like you would on a none autorangeing multimeter. This is done by adding a resistor IN PARALLEL with the meter. 2.20 Two resistors, one of 15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and one of 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ are connected in parallel. If a current of 2 A is applied to the combination, determine the current flowing in each resistor. As there is only two resistors we can use our product over sum equation to find the total value of resistance the parallel network provides. Using this we are now able to find the voltage. Now we can find the current through each branch, I1: I=V/R I1 = 7.5/15 I1 = 0.5A I2: I=V/R I2 = 7.5/5 I 2= 1.5A 2.21 A switched attenuator comprises five 1 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistors wired in series across a 5V d.c. supply. If the output voltage is selected by means of a single-pole four-way switch, sketch a circuit and determine the voltage produced for each switch position 1KÃŽÂ © 1KÃŽÂ © 5V Switch 1KÃŽÂ © 1KÃŽÂ © Vout Answer: 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V 2.22 With the aid of a diagram, briefly explain in your own words Kirchhoffs second law. In an electronic loop the sum of all the voltages around the circuit taking polarity into account will equal zero. For example if you where to travel around a circuit following conventional current taking the voltage at each resistance including the battery and added all of those voltages up including negative voltages the sum would equal zero. We would see that the battery would give the circuit charge a EMF while all of the resistances would dissipate this force. 2.23 Using Kirchhoffs second law, determine the value of e.m.f. (E) in the circuit below. E+5=14 E= 14-5 E=9V 2.24 Using Kirchhoffs laws together with the use of simultaneous equations, determine the current flowing in each branch of the network shown in the circuit below. Here we are presented with essentially two loops of current where readings in the connecting part of the loops will be affected by one another. We will use Kirchoffs laws to solve the problem by first treating the current as two separate loops. We use simultaneous equations to find our two unknowns I1 and I2 . Loop Two E2 = I2r2 + (I1 + I2)R 2 = I2 + 4I1 + 4I2 2 = 4I1 + 5I2 Loop One E1 = I1r1 + (I1 + I2)R 4 = 2I1 + 4I1 + 4I2 4 = 6I1 + 4I2 6I1 = 4 4I2 Substitute I1 into the second loop. Amps As we have obtained I1 we can now work on I2 4 = 6I1 + 4I2 R=I1+I2 2.25 Analyse the circuit shown below and determine the following parameters a) The current in each branch of the circuit. I1 = I2 = 1.233A b) The voltage across the load resistance. 0.426 c) The power dissipated by the load resistor. P= d) Use computer software to verify your results. 26) A temperature sensor is connected into a bridge measuring circuit as shown. If the value of the sensor is 110R at 0oC and it increases by 0.2% for every degree the temperature rises and falls a corresponding amount if the temperature drops. What voltage will be output on the voltmeter when the temperature is :- (a) 25oC (b) 100oC (c) -40oC Build the circuit using Multisim and demonstrate your answer to part (b) is correct. First we will calculate how the changes in temperature will affect the resistance of the sensor: Now we must find the voltage for the left hand side of this wheatstone bridge. V1=3V And now the right hand side of the bridge, this will vary each time as the resistance of the sensor changes. Firstly we will be doing question a) with the sensor representing 115.1ÃŽÂ ©: The reading on the voltmeter will be the difference between those two calculations b) Now we continue the calculations for the second value of resistance for the sensor. With the sensor representing 132ÃŽÂ ©: The reading on the voltmeter will be the difference between those two calculations c) Now we continue the calculations for the third value of resistance for the sensor. With the sensor representing 132ÃŽÂ ©: The reading on the voltmeter will be the difference between those two calculations 2.27 For the Wheatstone Bridge circuit below, what value of R1 will produce a balanced bridge? Using your calculated answer build the circuit in Multisim and demonstrate your answer is correct. 2.28 A 1m long resistive wire of uniform cross section is connected to a 6V source as shown. If a sliding contact is placed 0.35m from one end and connected to an unknown e.m.f. then no current is measured on the ammeter. A) What it the value of the unknown e.m.f.? This can be solved using the voltage division rule.